Monster Media 1994 #2

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ Monster Media 1994 #2 / Monster Media No. 2 (Monster Media)(1994).ISO / freq_qa / tennis06.zip / TENNIS06.TXT < prev

Wrap

Text File | 1994-07-03 | 160KB | 3,170 lines

Archive-name: tennis-faq/tournaments FAQ for rec.sport.tennis -- File 1 of 5 Version 1.10 -- Last Modified 12 Jun 94 Table of Contents Legend -- N = New Item * = Item Changed since last version File Item Title --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 -i- Changes Since Last FAQ Posting . . . . . . . . -1- Schedule of Grand Slam Tournaments (1994) . . . -2- Recent Grand Slam Event Highlights . . . . . . * -3- ATP Championship and the Grand Slam Cup . . . . -4- Explanation of ATP "Super 9" . . . . . . . . . -5- 1994 Pro Tournament Results . . . . . . . . . . * -6- 1994 Upcoming Tournaments . . . . . . . . . . . -7- Davis Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -8- Federation Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -9- ATP - IBM/ATP Rankings (Men) . . . . . . . . . -10- WTA - Virginia Slims Rankings (Women) . . . . . -11- WTA - Virginia Slims Bonus Pool Points (Women) -12- ATP Rankings - List of #1's . . . . . . . . . . -13- WTA Rankings - List of #1's . . . . . . . . . . 3 -14- Grand Slam Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15- Grand Slam Event Winners - Open Era . . . . . . * -16- Number of Grand Slam Singles Titles Won . . . . * -17- Players - Career Singles Titles . . . . . . . . -18- Head-to-Head Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . * -19- Pro Racquet, String, and Clothing Info . . . . -20- Fan Club Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -21- Buying a Tennis Racquet -- Issues to Consider . -22- Explanation of Racquet Grips . . . . . . . . . -23- Racquet Stringing Information . . . . . . . . . 5 -24- Common Pro Tennis Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . -25- Professional Tournament Seeding . . . . . . . . -26- TeamTennis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -27- USTA Self Rating System . . . . . . . . . . . . -28- Tennis Tie-Break Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . -29- Dimensions of a Tennis Court . . . . . . . . . -30- Origin of Scoring System in Tennis . . . . . . -31- USTA Rules and Code On-Line . . . . . . . . . . -32- ATP and WTA Media Guides . . . . . . . . . . . -33- Addresses of TV and Tennis Organizations . . . -34- Ticket Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -35- Tennis Media Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . -A1- How to Obtain the FAQ via FTP . . . . . . . . . -A2- Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -A3- Send comments to... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -i- Changes Since Last FAQ Posting Item Change ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Included 1994 French Open results 5 Provided recent tournament results 15 Added 1994 French Open champions to table 16 Added Arantxa Sanchez Vicario's name to table 18 Recent head-to-head updates ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -1- Schedule of Grand Slam Tournaments (1994) Event Dates --------------------------------------- Australian Open Jan 17 - 30 French Open May 23 - Jun 5 Wimbledon Jun 20 - Jul 3 US Open Aug 29 - Sep 11 --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -2- Grand Slam Singles Results -- Quarterfinals Onward -- Last 4 GS Events (Round of 16 Losers shown in parentheses) Australian Open 1994 - Women: (Testud) Graf 1 --------+ Graf |-------------+ (Fernandez 6) Davenport 16 --------+ 6-3 6-2 | Graf |-------------+ (Rubin) Martinez 3 --------+ Date | 6-3 6-3 | |-------------+ +-------------+ (Helgeson) Date 10 --------+ 6-2 4-6 6-3 | Graf | | | (Zardo) Novotna 5 --------+ Sabatini | 6-0 6-2 | |-------------+ +-------------+ (Pierce 9) Sabatini 4 --------+ 6-3 6-4 | Sanchez | |-------------+ (Hack) Maleeva-Fr. 8 --------+ Sanchez | 6-1 6-2 |-------------+ (M Maleeva 14) Sanchez 2 --------+ 7-6 6-4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Australian Open 1994 - Men: (Lendl 15) Sampras 1 --------+ Sampras |-------------+ (Damm) Gustafsson 10 --------+ 7-6 2-6 6-3 | Sampras 7-6 |-------------+ (Ferreira 13) Courier 3 --------+ Courier | 6-3 6-4 6-4 | |-------------+ +-------------+ (Stafford) Ivanisevic 5 --------+ 7-6 6-4 6-2 | Sampras | | | (Volkov 12) Muster 6 --------+ Edberg | 7-6 6-4 6-4 | |-------------+ +-------------+ (Jonsson) Edberg 4 --------+ 6-2 6-3 6-4 | Martin | |-------------+ (Daufresne) Martin 9 --------+ Martin | 3-6 7-6 7-6 |-------------+ 7-6 (Wilander) Washington --------+ 6-2 7-6 7-6 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ French Open 1994 - Women: (Spirlea) Graf 1 --------+ Graf |-------------+ (Majoli) Gorrochategui --------+ 6-4 6-1 | Pierce |-------------+ (Dragomir) Ritter --------+ Pierce | 6-2 6-2 | |-------------+ +-------------+ (Coetzer) Pierce 12 --------+ 6-0 6-2 | Sanchez Vic | | | (Stafford) Hack 16 --------+ Martinez | 6-4 6-4 | |-------------+ +-------------+ (Dechaume) Martinez 3 --------+ 2-6 6-0 6-2 | Sanchez | |-------------+ (Zvereva 7) Halard --------+ Sanchez | 6-3 6-1 |-------------+ (Huber 11) Sanchez 2 --------+ 6-1 7-6 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ French Open 1993 - Men: (Tillstroem) Sampras 1 --------+ Courier |-------------+ (Delaitre) Courier 7 --------+ 6-4 5-7 6-4 | Bruguera 6-4 |-------------+ (Eltingh) Medvedev 4 --------+ Bruguera | 6-3 5-7 6-3 | |-------------+ 6-3 +-------------+ (Rafter) Bruguera 6 --------+ 6-3 6-2 7-5 | Bruguera | | 6-3 7-5 2-6 | (Gaudenzi) Ivanisevic 5 --------+ Berasategui | 6-1 | |-------------+ +-------------+ (Frana) Berasategui --------+ 6-4 6-3 6-3 | Berasategui | |-------------+ (Yzaga) Larsson --------+ Larsson | 6-3 6-4 6-1 |-------------+ (Krickstein) Dreekmann --------+ 3-6 6-7 7-6 6-0 6-1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Wimbledon 1993 - Women: (McGrath) Graf 1 --------+ Graf |-------------+ (Raymond) Capriati 7 --------+ 7-6 6-1 | Graf |-------------+ (Sanchez 3) Sukova 15 --------+ Martinez | 7-6 6-3 | |-------------+ +--------------+ (Basuki) Martinez 6 --------+ 6-1 6-4 | Graf | | | (Oremans) Novotna 8 --------+ Novotna | 7-6 1-6 6-4 | |-------------+ +--------------+ (Huber 9) Sabatini 4 --------+ 6-4 6-3 | Novotna | |-------------+ (Garrison) Zvereva --------+ Navratilova | 6-4 6-4 |-------------+ (Tauziat Navratilova 2 --------+ 6-3 6-1 16) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Wimbledon 1993 - Men: (Foster) Sampras 1 --------+ Sampras |-------------+ (Krajicek 9) Agassi 8 --------+ 6-2 6-2 3-6 | Sampras 3-6 6-4 |-------------+ (Leconte) Becker 4 --------+ Becker | 7-6 6-4 6-4 | |-------------+ +--------------+ (Korda 11) Stich 6 --------+ 7-5 6-7 6-7 | Sampras | 6-2 6-4 | 7-6 7-6 3-6 | (Wheaton) Martin --------+ Courier | 6-3 | |-------------+ +--------------+ (Ferreira 13) Courier 3 --------+ 6-2 7-6 6-3 | Courier | |-------------+ (Masur) Pioline --------+ Edberg | 4-6 6-4 6-4 |-------------+ 6-4 (Matuszewski) Edberg 2 --------+ 7-5 7-5 6-3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ US Open 1993 - Women: (Pierce 13) Graf 1 --------+ Graf |-------------+ (Davenport) Sabatini 5 --------+ 6-2 5-7 6-1 | Graf |-------------+ (Martinez 4) Mal.-Fr. 11 --------+ Maleeva-Fr. | 4-6 6-1 6-0 | |-------------+ +--------------+ (Novotna 8) Date --------+ 7-5 7-5 | Graf | | | (M Maleeva 10) K Maleeva --------+ Sukova | 6-3 6-3 | |-------------+ +--------------+ (Navratilova 3) Sukova 12 --------+ 6-4 6-7 6-3 | Sukova | |-------------+ (Gaidano) Zvereva --------+ Sanchez | 6-7 7-5 6-2 |-------------+ (Tauziat 14) Sanchez 2 --------+ 3-0 ret ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ US Open 1993 - Men: (Courier 1) Pioline 15 --------+ Pioline |-------------+ (Krajicek 10) Medvedev 8 --------+ 6-3 6-1 3-6 | Pioline 6-2 |-------------+ (Becker 4) Larsson --------+ Masur | 6-1 6-7 7-6 | |-------------+ 6-1 +--------------+ (Morgan) Masur --------+ 6-2 7-5 7-5 | Sampras | | | (Gilbert) Muster 12 --------+ Volkov | 6-4 6-4 6-3 | |-------------+ +--------------+ (Adams) Volkov 14 --------+ 7-6 6-3 3-6 | Sampras | 2-6 7-5 |-------------+ (Ferreira) Chang 7 --------+ Sampras | 6-4 6-3 6-2 |-------------+ (Enqvist) Sampras 2 --------+ 6-7 7-6 6-1 6-1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -3- The ATP World Tour Championship and the Grand Slam Cup On the men's tour, there are two year-end championships: the ATP World Tour Championship and the Grand Slam Cup. The ATP World Tour Championship The top eight (8) players whose "best 14" results from all tournaments in that calendar year up to and including the week immediately prior to the ATP World Tour Championship qualify for this event in Frankfurt, Germany. (In other words, points received from this tournament in the previous year are NOT included in the calculation for eligibility.) The ninth, tenth ... players are alternates. The eight players are divided into two groups of four. #1 and #2 are separated into different groups; so are #3 and #4, #5 and #6 as well as #7 and #8. That is the way the "draw" is done in this tournament. Within each group, the four players face one another exactly once in round robin matches. The top two finishers from each group (determined by the number of matches won, and if there is a tie, the number of sets won/lost will be used to break the tie) advance to the semi-final, where the top finisher from one group plays the second from the other. The winners advance to the final, which is best-of-five sets. All other matches are best-of- three sets. Players will receive the following ranking points from the ATP World Tour Championship: each round robin match won: 65 points winning a semi-final match: 130 points winning the final: 185 points No bonus points are given for beating ranked players in this tournament. For example, if a player wins all three round robin matches and of course the semi and final on the way to the title, he will receive: 65 * 3 + 130 + 185 = 510 points --------------------------------------- The Grand Slam Cup The year-end Grand Slam Cup in Munich, Germany is a tournament created by the ITF (International Tennis Federation) and is NOT part of the ATP Tour. Therefore, it is technically an exhibition because its results do NOT count towards the ATP rankings or head-to-head records. Eligibility for the Grand Slam Cup is determined by a player's results from the four Grand Slam events in that calendar year. The players are awarded a certain number of points depending on how far they advance in each event. The top 16 with the highest number of total points qualify. Seedings for this event is determined by the GS points, NOT the usual rankings. The first two rounds of the Grand Slam Cup are best of three sets. The semi and final are best of five sets. Grand Slam Cup points from GS events: winner: 600 finalist: 450 semi finalist: 300 quarter finalist: 150 round of 16: 75 third round: 40 second round: 20 first round: 2 Here are the current Grand Slam Cup point standings for 1994: Australian French Wimbledon US Open Total --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Sampras 600 - - - 600 2. Martin 450 - - - 450 3. Courier 300 - - - 300 4. Edberg 300 - - - 300 5. Gustafsson 150 - - - 150 6. Ivanisevic 150 - - - 150 7. Muster 150 - - - 150 8. Washington 150 - - - 150 9. Jonsson 75 - - - 75 10. Lendl 75 - - - 75 11. Volkov 75 - - - 75 12. Wilander 75 - - - 75 13. Ferreira 75 - - - 75 14. Damm 75 - - - 75 15. Daufresne 75 - - - 75 16. Stafford 75 - - - 75 --------------------------------------------------------------------- In the 1993 Grand Slam Cup final, Petr Korda - CZE d. Michael Stich - GER, 2-6 6-4 7-6 2-6 11-9. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -4- What is the "Super 9" and what does this term mean? Christopher Smith The tournaments on the ATP tour are designated into two main tiers (excluding Challenger events), called Championship Series and World Series. Championship series events offer more prize money and attract bigger-name players. Starting in 1993, the ATP has given special status to 9 of their Championship Series tournaments. These tournaments are unofficially known as the Super 9. An ATP Top Ten player is supposed to play in at least 8 of these 9 special events, and each event must field at least eight of the Top Ten men (singles). The idea is to get the top players to play each other more often and add prestige to selected ATP events. Super 9 Tour Dates in 1994: Event Location Surface Dates Champion -------------- ------- ----- -------- Indian Wells Hard Feb 28-Mar 6 Sampras Lipton (Fla.) Hard Mar 11-20 Sampras Monte Carlo Red Clay Apr 18-24 Medvedev Hamburg Red Clay May 2-8 Medvedev Italian Open (Rome) Red Clay May 9-15 Sampras Canadian Open Hard Jul 25-31 Cincinnati Hard Aug 8-14 Stockholm Supreme * Oct 24-30 Paris Supreme * Oct 31-Nov 6 * Indoor Court Surface -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -5- 1994 Tournament Record Notes Legend: 1 - WTA Tier 1 H - Hard 2 - WTA Tier 2 I - Indoor 3 - WTA Tier 3 C - Green Clay 4 - WTA Tier 4 R - Red Clay * - Grand Slam Event G - Grass S - ATP "Super 9" ? - Surface Not Known T - ATP Championship Series 999 - Prize Money in $K W - ATP World Series for tournament E - Exhibition Note1: Exhibition results are not counted as part of a player's record. Note2: Various media reports indicated that the ATP Tour stop in Bordeaux, FRA, was a hard court event in 1993. However, since this tournament has historically been a red clay event, and the 1994 ATP Tour schedule lists Bordeaux as red clay, that is how I have chosen to list it. Place Notes Dates 1994 Final Result -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Perth, AUS E Dec 31 - Czech Republic (Novotna/Korda) d. (Hopman Cup) Jan 7 Germany (Huber/Karbacher) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Doha, QAT WH 525 Jan 3-9 Edberg d. Haarhuis 6-3 6-2 Honolulu, HI WH 314 Ferreira d. Reneberg 6-4 6-7 6-1 Adelaide, AUS WH 314 Kafelnikov d. Volkov 6-4 6-3 Brisbane, AUS 3H 150 Davenport d. Labat 6-1 2-6 6-4 Hong Kong E Graf d. Sanchez Vic. 7-5 6-7 7-5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sydney WH 314 Jan 10-16 Sampras d. Lendl 7-6 6-4 2H 300 Date d. Fernandez 6-4 6-2 Auckland, NZL WH 314 Gustafsson d. McEnroe 6-4 6-0 Jakarta, INA WH 314 Chang d. Rikl 6-3 6-3 Hobart, AUS 4H 100 Endo d. McQuillan 6-1 6-7 6-4 Adelaide E Courier d. Edberg 6-2 6-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Australian Open *H Jan 17-30 Sampras d. Martin 7-6 6-4 6-4 Graf d. Sanchez Vic. 6-0 6-2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dubai, UAE WH 1039 Jan 31 - Gustafsson d. Bruguera 6-4 6-2 Marseille, FRA WI 539 Feb 6 Rosset d. Boetsch 7-6 7-6 San Jose WI 314 Furlan d. Chang 3-6 6-2 7-5 Tokyo 1I 750 Graf d. Navratilova 6-2 6-4 Auckland, NZL 4H 100 Helgeson d. Gorroch'i 7-6 6-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Milan, ITA TI 814 Feb 7-13 Becker d. Korda 6-2 3-6 6-3 Memphis, TN TI 800 Martin d. Gilbert 6-4 7-5 Chicago, IL 2I 400 Zvereva d. Rubin 6-3 7-5 Osaka, JPN 3I 150 Maleeva-Fr. d. Majoli 6-1 4-6 7-5 Linz, AUT 3I 150 Appelmans d. Babel 6-1 4-6 7-6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stuttgart TI 2250 Feb 14-20 Edberg d. Ivanisevic 4-6 6-4 6-2 6-2 Philadelphia TI 714 Chang d. Haarhuis 6-3 6-2 Paris 2I 400 Navratilova d. Halard 7-5 6-3 Oklahoma City 3I 150 McGrath d. Schultz 7-6 7-6 Beijing, CHN 4I 100 Basuki d. Nagatsuka 6-4 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rotterdam, NED WI 600 Feb 21-27 Stich d. Ferreira 4-6 6-3 6-0 Scottsdale, AZ WH 314 Agassi d. Mattar 6-4 6-3 Mexico City WR 325 Muster d. Jabali 6-3 6-1 Indian Wells, CA 2H 400 Graf d. Coetzer 6-0 6-4 San Juan, PR 3H 150 (tournament cancelled) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Indian Wells, CA SH 1720 Feb 28 - Sampras d. Korda 4-6 6-3 3-6 6-3 6-2 Copenhagen, DEN WI 214 Mar 6 Kafelnikov d. Vacek 6-3 7-5 Delray Beach 2H 400 Graf d. Sanchez V. 6-3 7-5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Zaragoza, ESP WI 225 Mar 7-13 Larsson d. Rehmann 6-4 6-4 Casablanca, MOR WR 214 Mar 14-20 Furlan d. Alami 6-2 6-2 Key Biscayne SH 1875 Mar 11-20 Sampras d. Agassi (Lipton) H 1000 Graf d. Zvereva 4-6 6-1 6-2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Davis Cup Round 1 Mar 25-27 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Houston, TX 2C 400 Mar 21-27 Hack d. Pierce 7-5 6-4 Saddlebrook, FL C 175 Novotna/Sanchez V. d. (Doubles Only) Fernandez/Zvereva 6-2 7-5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Estoril, POR WR 526 Mar 28- Costa d. Medvedev 4-6 7-5 6-4 Osaka, JPN WH 650 Apr 3 Sampras d. Roux 6-2 6-2 Sun City, RSA WH 314 Zoecke d. Dreekman 6-4 6-1 Hilton Head, SC 1C 750 Martinez d. Zvereva 6-4 6-0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tokyo TH 1054 Apr 4-10 Sampras d. Chang 6-4 6-2 3H 150 Date d. Frazier 7-5 6-0 Barcelona TR 900 Krajicek d. Costa 6-4 7-6 6-2 Amelia Island 2C 400 Sanchez V. d. Sabatini 6-1 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nice, FRA WR 314 Apr 11-17 Berasategui d. Courier 6-4 6-2 Birmingham, AL WC 289 Stoltenberg d. Markus 6-3 6-4 Hong Kong WH 320 Chang d. Rafter 6-1 6-3 Pattaya, THA 4H 100 Appelmans d. Fendick 6-7 7-6 6-3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Monte Carlo SR 1720 Apr 18-24 Medvedev d. Bruguera 7-5 6-1 6-3 Seoul, KOR WH 214 Bates d. Renzenbrink 6-4 6-7 6-3 Barcelona, ESP 2R 400 Sanchez V. d. Majoli 6-0 6-2 Singapore 4H 100 Sawamatsu d. Labat 7-5 7-5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Madrid, ESP WR 800 Apr 25 - Muster d. Bruguera 6-2 3-6 6-4 7-5 Munich, GER WR 425 May 1 Stich d. Korda 6-2 2-6 6-3 Atlanta, GA WC 314 Chang d. Martin 6-7 7-6 6-0 Hamburg, GER 2R 400 Sanchez V. d. Graf 4-6 7-6 7-6 Taranto, ITA 4R 100 Halard d. Spirlea 6-2 6-3 Jakarta, INA 4H 100 Basuki d. Labat 6-4 3-6 7-6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hamburg, GER SR 1720 May 2-8 Medvedev d. Kafelnikov 6-3 6-3 4-6 6-4 Pinehurst, NC WC 314 Palmer d. Martin 6-4 7-6 Italian Open 1R 750 Martinez d. Navratil'a 7-6 6-4 Liege, BEL 4R 100 (cancelled) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Italian Open SR 2000 May 9-15 Sampras d. Becker 6-1 6-2 6-2 Coral Springs WR 240 Mattar d. Morgan 6-4 3-6 6-3 Berlin, GER 1R 750 Graf d. Schultz 7-6 6-4 Prague, CZE 4R 100 Coetzer d. Carlsson 6-1 7-6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- World Team Cup TR 1750 May 16-22 Germany d. Spain 2-1 Bologna, ITA WR 314 J Sanchez d. Berasat'i 7-6 4-6 6-3 Lucerne, SUI 3R 150 Davenport d. Raymond 7-6 6-4 Strasbourg, FRA 3R 150 Fernandez d. Sabatini 4-6 6-4 6-0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- French Open *R May 23- Bruguera d. Berasat'i 6-3 7-5 2-6 6-1 Jun 5 Sanchez V. d. Pierce 6-4 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Queen's Club WG 625 Jun 6-12 Martin d. Sampras 7-6 7-6 Rosmalen, NED WG 314 Krajicek d. Braasch 6-3 6-4 Florence, ITA WR 314 Filippini d. Fromberg 3-6 6-3 6-3 Birmingham, GBR 3G 150 McNeil d. Garrison 6-2 6-2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -6- 1994 Upcoming Tournaments Place Notes Dates 1993 Final Result -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Halle, GER WG 525 Jun 13-19 Leconte d. Medvedev 6-2 6-3 Manchester, GBR WG 315 Stoltenberg d. Masur 6-1 6-3 Genova, ITA WR 314 Muster d. Gustafsson 7-6 6-4 Eastbourne, GBR 2G 400 Navratilova d. Oremans 2-6 6-2 6-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wimbledon *G Jun 20- Sampras d. Courier 7-6 7-6 3-6 6-3 Jul 3 Graf d. Novotna 7-6 1-6 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Palermo, ITA 4R 100 Jul 4-10 Bobkova d. Pierce 6-3 6-2 Gstaad, SUI WR 400 Bruguera d. Novacek 6-4 6-4 Bastad, SWE WR 314 Skoff d. Agenor 7-5 1-6 6-0 Newport, RI, USA WG 240 Rusedski d. Frana 7-5 6-7 7-6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Davis Cup Round 2 Jul 15-17 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kitzbuhel, AUT 3R 150 Jul 11-17 Huber d. Wiesner 6-4 6-1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stuttgart, GER TR 1040 Jul 18-24 Gustafsson d. Stich 6-3 6-4 3-6 4-6 6-4 Washington, DC TH 650 Mansdorf d. Martin 7-6 7-5 Federation Cup Spain d. Australia 3-0 Boston, MA E 250 Lendl d. Martin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stratton, VT 2H 400 Jul 25-31 Martinez d. Garrison 6-3 6-2 San Marino 4R 100 Grossi d. Rittner 3-6 7-5 6-1 Toronto, CAN SH 1720 Pernfors d. Martin 2-6 6-2 7-5 Hilversum, NED WR 300 Costa d. Gustafsson 6-1 6-2 6-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- San Diego, CA 2H 400 Aug 1-7 Graf d. Sanchez Vic. 6-4 4-6 6-1 Kitzbuhel, AUT WR 400 Muster d. J Sanchez 6-3 7-5 6-4 Los Angeles, CA WH 314 Krajicek d. Chang 0-6 7-6 7-6 Prague, CZE WR 365 Bruguera d. Chesnokov 7-5 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Los Angeles, CA 2H 400 Aug 8-14 Navratilova d. Sanchez 7-5 7-6 Cincinnati, OH SH 1720 Chang d. Edberg 7-5 0-6 6-4 San Marino WR 300 Muster d. Furlan 7-5 7-5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Montreal, CAN 1H 750 Aug 15-21 Graf d. Capriati 6-1 0-6 6-3 Indianapolis TH 1040 Courier d. Becker 7-5 6-3 New Haven, CT TH 1040 Medvedev d. Korda 7-5 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Schnectady, NY 3H 150 Aug 22-28 Neiland d. Medvedeva 6-3 7-5 WH 314 Enqvist d. Steven 4-6 6-3 7-6(0) Umag, CRO WR 400 Muster d. Berasategui 7-5 3-6 6-3 Long Island, NY WH 314 Rosset d. Chang 6-4 3-6 6-1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- US Open *H Aug 29- Graf d. Sukova 6-3 6-3 Sep 11 Sampras d. Pioline 6-4 6-4 6-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hong Kong 4H 100 Sep 12-18 Wang d. Werdel 6-4 3-6 7-5 Bucharest, ROM WR 550 Ivan'ic d. Cherkasov 6-2 7-6 Bordeaux, FRA WR 400 Bruguera d. Nargiso 7-5 6-2 Bogota, COL WR 314 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Davis Cup Semifinals Sep 23-25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tokyo, JPN 2H 400 Sep 19-25 Coetzer d. Date 6-3 6-2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Leipzig, GER 2I 400 Sep 26- Graf d. Novotna 6-0 6-4 Sapporo, JPN 4I 100 Oct 2 Harvey-Wild d. Spirlea 6-3 6-4 Basel, SUI WI 800 Stich d. Edberg 6-4 6-7 6-3 6-2 Palermo, ITA WR 315 Muster d. Bruguera 7-5 7-6 Kuala Lumpur WI 400 Chang d. Svensson 6-0 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Taipei 4H 100 Oct 3-9 Wang d. Harvey-Wild 6-1 7-6 Zurich, SUI 1I 750 Mal.-Fr. d. Navratil'a 6-3 7-6 Sydney, AUS TI 1020 Yzaga d. Korda 6-2 4-6 7-6 7-6 Toulouse, FRA WI 400 Boetsch d. Pioline 7-6 3-6 6-3 Athens, GRE WR 214 Arrese d. Berasategui 6-4 3-6 6-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filderstadt,GER 2I 400 Oct 10-16 Pierce d. Zvereva 6-3 6-3 Montpellier, FRA 4I 100 Likhovtseva d. Monami 6-3 6-4 Tokyo, JPN TI 1020 Lendl d.Martin 6-4 6-4 Bolzano, ITA WI 315 Stark d. Pioline 6-3 6-2 Tel Aviv, ISR WH 275 Pescosol'o d. Mansdorf 7-6 7-5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Brighton, GBR 2I 400 Oct 17-23 Novotna d. Huber 6-2 6-4 Budapest, HUN 3I 150 Garrison d. Appelmans 7-5 6-3 Lyon, FRA WI 600 Sampras d. Pioline 7-6 1-6 7-5 Vienna, AUT WI 325 Ivanisevic d. Muster 4-6 6-4 6-4 7-6 Beijing, CHN WI 320 Chang d. Rusedski 7-6 6-7 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Essen, GER 2I 400 Oct 24-30 Medvedeva d. Martinez 6-7 7-5 6-4 Sao Paulo, BRA 4R 100 Hack d. Labat 6-2 6-0 Stockholm, SWE SI 1720 Stich d. Ivanisevic 4-6 7-6 7-6 6-2 Santiago, CHI WR 214 Frana d. E Sanchez 7-5 3-6 6-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Oakland, CA 2I 400 Oct 31 - Navrat'a d. Garrison 6-2 7-6 Quebec City,CAN 3I 150 Nov 6 Tauziat d. K Maleeva 6-4 6-1 Paris, FRA SI 2250 Ivanisevic d. Medvedev 6-4 6-2 7-6 Sao Paulo, BRA WH 214 Berasategui d. Dosedel 6-4 6-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Philadelphia 1I 750 Nov 7-13 Martinez d. Graf 6-3 6-3 Antwerp, BEL WI 1250 Sampras d. Gustafsson 6-1 6-4 Moscow WI 354 Rosset d. Kuhnen 6-4 6-3 Buenos Aires WR 314 Costa d. Berasategui 3-6 6-1 6-4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VS Championships I 3500 Nov 14-20 Graf d. Sanchez Vic. 6-1 6-4 3-6 6-1 ATP Championships I 3000 Stich d. Sampras 7-6 2-6 7-6 6-2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ATP Doubles Chp. HI 1300 Nov 21-27 Eltingh/Haarhuis d. 7-6 7-6 6-4 (Jakarta, INA) Woodbridge/Woodforde -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Davis Cup Final Dec 2-4 Germany d. Australia 4-1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Grand Slam Cup E 6000 Dec 5-11 Korda d. Stich 2-6 6-4 7-6 2-6 11-9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -7- Davis Cup, 1994 The Davis Cup schedule for 1994 for the World Group: Round I March 25-27 Round II July 15-17 Semifinal September 23-25 Final December 3-5 Here is the draw for 1994. United States --------+ USA |--------+ India --------+ 5-0 | |--------+ Netherlands --------+ Netherlands | |--------+ | Belgium --------+ | |--------+ Sweden --------+ Sweden | | |--------+ | | Denmark --------+ | | | |--------+ | France --------+ France | | |--------+ | Hungary --------+ | +--------> Israel --------+ Czech Rep. | |--------+ | Czech Republic --------+ | | |--------+ | Russia --------+ Russia | | | |--------+ | | Australia --------+ | | |--------+ Italy --------+ Spain | |--------+ | Spain --------+ | | |--------+ Austria --------+ Germany| |--------+ Germany --------+ 3-2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -8- Federation Cup Special thanks to Glenn Stein for contributing additional details. The Federation Cup is the women's version of the Davis Cup. Currently, the format of the Federation Cup is that, unlike Davis Cup, the entire event is held over a one week period in one city. This will change in 1995, when a format very similar to the present Davis Cup format will be adopted. In 1994, Frankfurt, Germany, is the host city. In a Federation Cup tie, three matches (two singles matches followed by a doubles match) are played. The team winning the most matches advances to the next round. There will be 16 seeded teams in 1994 competition (as opposed to 8 last year). The 8 quarterfinalists from the 1994 competition will advance to next year's "World Group." The 2nd round losers will advance to a mid range group, while others will be relegated to the lowest-level zone competitions. In 1995, the format of a Federation Cup "tie" will change. There will be five matches per tie played (like in Davis Cup): two singles matches, the doubles match, and then two reverse singles matches. The first two singles matches will be played on one day, and the remaining three matches played on the second day. The schedule for the 1995 Federation Cup matches is to be determined. In 1993, the Federation Cup was held during the week of July 19-25, in Frankfurt. The draw and team results follow: Spain Spain (1) vs. Britain --------+ Spain Ind'a |--------+ Poland vs. Indonesia --------+ 3-0 | Spain Latvia |--------+ Latvia vs. Belgium --------+ Holland| 3-0 | Holland|--------+ | Holland (7) vs. Croatia --------+ 3-0 | Spain Czech. |--------+ Czech.(3) vs. South Africa --------+ Czech. | 2-1 | Italy |--------+ | | Italy vs. Israel --------+ 2-1 | France | | Sweden |--------+ | Sweden vs. Uruguay --------+ France | 3-0 | France |--------+ | France (6) vs. Canada --------+ 3-0 | Spain USA +-------+ USA (5) vs. Switzerland --------+ USA | 3-0 China |--------+ | China vs. Peru --------+ 2-1 | Argentina | Arg. |--------+ | New Zealand vs. Argentina --------+ Arg. | 2-1 | | Bulg. |--------+ | | Bulgaria (4) vs. South Korea --------+ 2-1 | Australia Japan |--------+ Japan (8) vs. Colombia --------+ Finland | 2-1 Finland|--------+ | Chile vs. Finland --------+ 2-1 | Australia Denmark |--------+ Austria vs. Denmark --------+ Austr. | 3-0 Austr. |--------+ Germany (2) vs. Australia --------+ 3-0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Date: 06-12-94 Msg # 15044 To: ALL Conf: (2120) news.answers From: Christopher Smith Stat: Public Subj: FAQ for rec.sport.tennis Read: Yes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @FROM :csmith@cc.gatech.edu @SUBJECT:FAQ for rec.sport.tennis (2/5) - Rankings @PACKOUT:06-12-94ising Message-ID: <rst2_771466517@cc.gatech.edu> Newsgroups: rec.sport.tennis,rec.answers,news.answers Organization: College of Computing, Georgia Tech Archive-name: tennis-faq/rankings FAQ for rec.sport.tennis -- File 2 of 5 Rankings File Item Title --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 -9- ATP - IBM/ATP Rankings (Men) . . . . . . . . . -10- WTA - Virginia Slims Rankings (Women) . . . . . -11- WTA - Virginia Slims Bonus Pool Points (Women) -12- ATP Rankings - List of #1's . . . . . . . . . . -13- WTA Rankings - List of #1's . . . . . . . . . . --------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -9- ATP - IBM/ATP Rankings (Men) NOTE: The point system has been modified as of 1994. The following changes are reflected: In Grand Slam events, winners receive 120 more points and finalists 50 more points than in 1993. For Championship Series events, winners receive 50 more points and finalists 25 more points than in 1993. In the World Series events, winners receive 20 more points and finalists 10 more points. ATP RANKING SYSTEM, written by Clark Coleman (clc5q@uvacs.cs.Virginia.EDU) Here is the complete information about the computer ranking points on the IBM/ATP Tour. Players are ranked on the basis of their best 14 results in the previous 52 weeks. Prize money listed is on-site (not including hotel rooms, etc., called "hospitality") and is in U.S. Dollars. Total Computer Points Category Prize Money W F S Q 16 32 64 128 -------- ----------- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- ---- ----- Grand Slams 4,000,000 640 440 260 130 65 33 17 1 3,750,000 630 433 255 128 64 32 16 1 3,500,000 620 425 250 125 63 32 16 1 3,250,000 610 418 245 123 62 31 16 1 3,000,000 600 410 240 120 60 30 15 1 2,750,000 590 403 235 118 59 30 15 1 2,500,000 580 395 230 115 58 29 15 1 2,250,000 570 388 225 113 57 29 15 1 2,000,000 560 380 220 110 55 28 14 1 Championship 2,250,000 380 273 165 83 42 21 11 1 Series 2,125,000 370 265 160 80 40 20 10 1 2,000,000 360 258 155 78 39 20 10 1 1,875,000 350 250 150 75 38 19 10 1 1,750,000 340 243 145 73 37 19 10 1 1,625,000 330 235 140 70 35 18 9 1 1,500,000 320 228 135 68 34 17 9 1 1,375,000 310 220 130 65 33 17 1 1 1,250,000 300 213 125 63 32 16 1 1,125,000 290 205 120 60 30 15 1 1,000,000 280 198 115 58 29 15 1 875,000 270 190 110 55 28 14 1 750,000 260 183 105 53 27 14 1 625,000 250 175 100 50 25 13 1 World 1,000,000 220 160 100 50 25 13 1 Series 875,000 210 153 95 48 24 12 1 750,000 200 145 90 45 23 12 1 625,000 190 138 85 43 22 11 1 550,000 180 130 80 40 20 10 1 475,000 170 123 75 38 19 10 1 400,000 160 115 70 35 18 9 1 325,000 150 108 65 33 17 9 1 250,000 140 100 60 30 15 8 1 175,000 130 93 55 28 14 7 1 Challengers* 125,000+H 90 68 45 23 12 1 125,000 80 60 40 20 10 1 100,000 70 53 35 18 9 1 75,000 60 45 30 15 8 1 50,000 50 38 25 13 7 1 25,000 40 30 20 10 5 1 * Any Challenger providing hospitality will receive the points of the next highest prize money level. (Note: 125,000 + H points are shown). First Round Losers ------------------ First round losers always receive 1 point. Any player who reached the second round by drawing a bye and then loses will receive second round prize money but only 1 point. Bonus Points ------------ Main Draw Bonus Points ---------------------- The following points are awarded for defeating a player ranked #1 through 200 or a doubles team ranked 2 through 400. The match must actually be played, not a walk-over. 1. Singles ------- Ranking Bonus Points ------- ------------ 1 50 2-5 45 6-10 36 11-20 24 21-30 18 31-50 12 51-75 6 75-100 3 101-150 2 151-200 1 2. Doubles ------- Ranking Bonus Points ------- ------------ 2-3 50 4-10 45 11-20 36 21-40 24 41-60 18 61-100 12 101-150 6 151-200 3 201-300 2 301-400 1 You compute the sum of the doubles rankings of the opposing team members (which could only be 2 if they were tied for #1) and thus there is no #1 listed, and all the rankings are twice as much as the corresponding singles rankings. Qualifying Points ----------------- A player or team gaining entry to an event through a qualifying competition shall receive one half the points awarded to a second round loser in that event as bonus points, in addition to whatever points they actually earn in the event. Lucky losers do not receive these bonus points. There are no bonus points awarded in the qualifying event itself, regardless of opponents' rankings. Ranking Penalty: Withdrawals After 12 Noon Eastern Time USA ----------------------------------------------------------- If a player withdraws from an event after 12 Noon Eastern Time USA on the Friday before the start of the event, he will be penalized in the rankings by one event per 12 month period, e.g. he will be ranked by his best 13 events instead of his best 14 events after one such infraction, by his best 12 events after 2 such infractions, etc. The penalty shall remain in force for 52 weeks after the time of the infraction. This penalty shall be waived if, within the first 3 days of the main draw, the player is examined on-site by the tournament doctor and deemed incapable of competing at a professional level. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -10- WTA - Virginia Slims Rankings (Women) VIRGINIA SLIMS RANKINGS POINTS (WTA), written by Natasha Austria (U58476@uicvm.uic.edu) and edited by Shun Cheung The women's computer rankings are determined as follows: Points are awarded based on how far a player advances in a tournament. Bonus points, based on the rankings of opponents beaten in each round, are added. The only exception is the Virginia Slims Championship, where a player gets the higher between (1) ranking points she gets based on the method described above and (2) her ranking point average going into the VS Championship (described below) plus any bonus points she receives there. The total points awarded for each tournament played within a 52-week period are added & then divided by the number of tournaments played in that same period (minimum divisor of 12 tournaments: if one plays 11 or fewer, her points will still be divided by 12). Unlike the men's system, all the women's results count with the exception of Federation Cup, Olympics, & exhibitions. Of player must have played in at least three tournaments in the last calendar year to obtain a ranking. The current ranking system awards points based on the tier of a tournament as well as the type of draw (the number of players in the main draw in a tournament). Draw Winner Fin. SF QF Rof16 Rof32 Rof64 Rof128 Grand Slams 128 520 364 234 130 72 44 26 2 VS Championships 16 390 273 175 97 - - - - Lipton 96 260 182 117 65 36 22 13 1 Tier I ($750K) 64 260 182 117 65 36 22 1 - Tier I ($750K) 32 260 182 117 65 36 1 - - Tier II ($400K) 64 210 147 95 53 27 14 1 - Tier II ($400K) 32 210 147 95 53 27 1 - - Tier III ($150K) 64 160 112 72 40 21 11 1 - Tier III ($150K) 32 160 112 72 40 21 1 - - Tier IV ($100K) 64 100 70 45 25 13 7 1 - Tier IV ($100K) 32 100 70 45 25 13 1 - - $75,000 32 60 42 27 15 8 1 - - $50,000 32 40 28 19 12 6 1 - - $25,000 32 25 18 11 7 4 1 - - $10,000 (M) 12 8.5 5.5 3 1 - - - $10,000 32 6 4 2.75 1.5 0.75 0.3 - - $ 5,000 (M) 6 4 2.75 1.5 1 - - - Quality (Bonus) Points: Loser's Rank Bonus Worth Grand Slam Points 1 75 112.5 *the $275K Sydney tournament 2 68 102 is treated as a Tier II 3-5 60 90 6-10 45 67.5 **source: 1994 WTA media guide 11-15 30 45 16-30 20 30 31-50 10 15 51-75 6 9 76-100 4 6 101-150 3 4.5 151-200 1.5 2.3 201-300 1 1.5 301-500 0.5 0.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -11- WTA - Virginia Slims Bonus Pool Points (Women) (Formerly Kraft Tour Points) Written by Shun Cheung (shun.cheung@att.com) The Virginia Slims Bonus Pool points are used to determine the eligibility for the year-end Virginia Slims Championship at the Madison Square Garden in New York City (the top 16 qualify) and each player's share of the bonus money pool. Otherwise, they are of little significance and should NOT be confused with the ranking points. The Virginia Slims Bonus Pool points for each player is the simple sum of points she receives from all tournaments in a calendar year. For each tournament, they are solely determined by how far a player advances; there are NO quality (bonus) points for beating highly ranked players. Since Virginia Slims Bonus Pool points are a simple sum, some players whose rankings might not be in the top 20 but play a lot of tournaments can earn enough points to quality for the VS Championship. Moreover, since every player starts with 0 point at the beginning of a calendar year, those who play a lot of tournaments at the beginning of a year may rank very high in Virginia Slims Bonus Pool points during that period. This distortion tends to disappear towards the second half of the year. Below is a table showing how many points are given for the different levels of tournaments. Winner Fin. SF QF Rof16 Rof32 Rof64 Rof128 Grand Slams 900 630 400 200 110 55 27 14 VS Championships 820 575 370 190 100 - - - Lipton 500 350 225 110 60 30 15 8 Tier I ($750K) 470 330 210 105 55 28 13 - Tier II ($375K) 300 210 135 70 35 18 9 - Tier III ($150K) 190 135 85 45 20 10 5 - Tier IV ($100K) 110 75 50 25 10 6 3 - Source: WTA 1994 Media Guide -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -12- ATP Rankings - List of #1's Since Inception of Rankings Complete list of #1s on the ATP computer rankings (tennis, men's single) Compiled by Shun Cheung NAME Duration Total (weeks) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Nastase 1973-08-23 to 1974-06-02 40 40 2. Newcombe 1974-06-03 to 1974-07-28 8 8 3. Connors 1974-07-29 to 1977-08-22 160 268 4. Borg 1977-08-23 to 1977-08-29 1 109 Connors 1977-08-30 to 1979-04-08 84 Borg 1979-04-09 to 1979-05-20 6 Connors 1979-05-21 to 1979-07-08 7 Borg 1979-07-09 to 1980-03-02 34 5. McEnroe 1980-03-03 to 1980-03-23 3 170 Borg 1980-03-24 to 1980-08-10 20 McEnroe 1980-08-11 to 1980-08-17 1 Borg 1980-08-18 to 1981-07-05 46 McEnroe 1981-07-06 to 1981-07-19 2 Borg 1981-07-20 to 1981-08-02 2 McEnroe 1981-08-03 to 1982-09-12 58 Connors 1982-09-13 to 1982-10-31 7 McEnroe 1982-11-01 to 1982-11-07 1 Connors 1982-11-08 to 1982-11-14 1 McEnroe 1982-11-15 to 1983-01-30 11 Connors 1983-01-31 to 1983-02-06 1 McEnroe 1983-02-07 to 1983-02-13 1 Connors 1983-02-14 to 1983-02-27 2 6. Lendl 1983-02-28 to 1983-05-15 11 270 Connors 1983-05-16 to 1983-06-05 3 McEnroe 1983-06-06 to 1983-06-12 1 Connors 1983-06-13 to 1983-07-03 3 McEnroe 1983-07-04 to 1983-10-30 17 Lendl 1983-10-31 to 1983-12-11 6 McEnroe 1983-12-12 to 1984-01-08 4 Lendl 1984-01-09 to 1984-03-11 9 McEnroe 1984-03-12 to 1984-06-10 13 Lendl 1984-06-11 to 1984-06-17 1 McEnroe 1984-06-18 to 1984-07-08 3 Lendl 1984-07-09 to 1984-08-12 5 McEnroe 1984-08-13 to 1985-08-18 53 Lendl 1985-08-19 to 1985-08-25 1 McEnroe 1985-08-26 to 1985-09-08 2 Lendl 1985-09-09 to 1988-09-11 157 7. Wilander 1988-09-12 to 1989-01-29 20 20 Lendl 1989-01-30 to 1990-08-12 80 8. Edberg 1990-08-13 to 1991-01-27 24 72 9. Becker 1991-01-28 to 1991-02-17 3 12 Edberg 1991-02-18 to 1991-07-07 20 Becker 1991-07-08 to 1991-09-08 9 Edberg 1991-09-09 to 1992-02-09 22 10. Courier 1992-02-10 to 1992-03-22 6 58 Edberg 1992-03-23 to 1992-04-12 3 Courier 1992-04-13 to 1992-09-13 22 Edberg 1992-09-14 to 1992-10-04 3 Courier 1992-10-05 to 1993-04-11 27 11. Sampras 1993-04-12 to 1993-08-22 19 19+ Courier 1993-08-23 to 1993-09-12 3 Sampras 1993-09-13 to ? The ATP computer rankings on men's singles tennis began in 1973. I have verified this list with several different sources. In particular, Clark Coleman (who used to post frequently in this group) checked it against an official ATP Guide and it is generally correct. Some of the dates may be off by a day or two because rankings don't always change on Mondays (e.g. the final of an event is delayed to a Monday or Tuesday because of rain, etc.), hence affecting the calculation of the durations, which may be off by a week. Otherwise, this list is correct to the best of my knowledge. Those who find errors in this list please let me know. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -13- WTA Rankings - List of #1's Since November, 1975 Complete list of #1s on the WTA computer rankings since November, 1975 (tennis, women's single) Compiled by Shun Cheung NAME Duration Total (weeks) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Evert 1975-11- ? to 1978-07-09 ~140 ~262 2. Navratilova 1978-07-10 to 1979-01-13 26 331 Evert 1979-01-14 to 1979-01-27 2 Navratilova 1979-01-28 to 1979-02-24 4 Evert 1979-02-25 to 1979-04-15 7 Navratilova 1979-04-16 to 1979-06-24 10 Evert 1979-06-25 to 1979-09-09 11 Navratilova 1979-09-10 to 1980-04-06 30 3. Austin 1980-04-07 to 1980-04-20 2 22 Navratilova 1980-04-21 to 1980-06-30 10 Austin 1980-07-01 to 1980-11-17 20 Evert 1980-11-18 to 1982-05-02 76 Navratilova 1982-05-03 to 1982-05-16 2 Evert 1982-05-17 to 1982-06-13 4 Navratilova 1982-06-14 to 1985-06-09 156 Evert 1985-06-10 to 1985-10-13 18 Navratilova 1985-10-14 to 1985-10-27 2 Evert 1985-10-28 to 1985-11-24 4 Navratilova 1985-11-25 to 1987-08-16 90 4. Graf 1987-08-17 to 1991-03-10 186 190+ 5. Seles 1991-03-11 to 1991-08-04 21 113 Graf 1991-08-05 to 1991-08-11 1 Seles 1991-08-12 to 1991-08-18 1 Graf 1991-08-19 to 1991-09-08 3 Seles 1991-09-09 to 1993-06-06 91 Graf 1993-06-07 to ? Source: 1994 WTA Media Guide -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Date: 06-12-94 Msg # 15045 To: ALL Conf: (2120) news.answers From: Christopher Smith Stat: Public Subj: FAQ for rec.sport.tennis Read: Yes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @FROM :csmith@cc.gatech.edu @SUBJECT:FAQ for rec.sport.tennis (3/5) - Player Information @PACKOUT:06-12-94 Operations Message-ID: <rst3_771466517@cc.gatech.edu> Newsgroups: rec.sport.tennis,rec.answers,news.answers Organization: College of Computing, Georgia Tech Archive-name: tennis-faq/player-info FAQ for rec.sport.tennis -- File 3 of 5 Player Information File Item Title --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 -14- Grand Slam Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15- Grand Slam Event Winners - Open Era . . . . . . * -16- Number of Grand Slam Singles Titles Won . . . . * -17- Players - Career Singles Titles . . . . . . . . -18- Head-to-Head Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . * -19- Pro Racquet, String, and Clothing Info . . . . -20- Fan Club Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -14- Grand Slam Winners The highest achievement in professional tennis is winning the Grand Slam, which means winning all four major titles, the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open, in the same calendar year. Therefore, those four tournaments are also called the Grand Slam events. Following are Grand Slam winners and the year(s) they won the Grand Slam: Budge 1938 Connolly 1953 Laver 1962 Court 1970 " 1969 Graf 1988 * * Graf won a "Golden Slam" -- The Grand Slam plus the 1988 Olympic Gold Medal. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -15- Grand Slam Event Winners in the Open Era Note: During the late seventies through 1985, the Australian Open was held in the month of December. The Australian Open was held in January starting in 1987 and was not held in 1986. Men (Jan.) (Dec.) Australian French Wimblebon US Open Australian ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1994 Sampras Bruguera 1993 Courier Bruguera Sampras Sampras 1992 Courier Courier Agassi Edberg 1991 Becker Courier Stich Edberg 1990 Lendl Gomez Edberg Sampras 1989 Lendl Chang Becker Becker 1988 Wilander Wilander Edberg Wilander 1987 Edberg Lendl Cash Lendl 1986 Lendl Becker Lendl 1985 Wilander Becker Lendl Edberg 1984 Lendl McEnroe McEnroe Wilander 1983 Noah McEnroe Connors Wilander 1982 Wilander Connors Connors Kriek 1981 Borg McEnroe McEnroe Kriek 1980 Borg Borg McEnroe Teacher 1979 Borg Borg McEnroe Vilas 1978 Borg Borg Connors Vilas 1977 Gerulaitis Vilas Borg Vilas Tanner 1976 Edmondson Panatta Borg Connors 1975 Newcombe Borg Ashe Orantes 1974 Connors Borg Connors Connors 1973 Newcombe Nastase Kodes Newcombe 1972 Rosewall Gimeno Smith Nastase 1971 Rosewall Kodes Newcombe Smith 1970 Ashe Kodes Newcombe Rosewall 1969 Laver Laver Laver Laver / Smith ** 1968 B Bowrey Rosewall Laver Ashe / Ashe ** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Women (Jan.) (Dec.) Australian French Wimblebon US Open Australian ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1994 Graf Sanchez V. 1993 Seles Graf Graf Graf 1992 Seles Seles Graf Seles 1991 Seles Seles Graf Seles 1990 Graf Seles Navratilova Sabatini 1989 Graf Sanchez V. Graf Graf 1988 Graf Graf Graf Graf 1987 Mandlikova Graf Navratilova Navratilova 1986 Evert Navratilova Navratilova 1985 Evert Navratilova Mandlikova Navratilova 1984 Navratilova Navratilova Navratilova Evert 1983 Evert Navratilova Navratilova Navratilova 1982 Navratilova Navratilova Evert Evert 1981 Mandlikova Evert Austin Navratilova 1980 Evert Goolagong Evert Mandlikova 1979 Evert Navratilova Austin B Jordan 1978 Ruzici Navratilova Evert C O'Neil 1977 Goolagong Jausovec Wade Evert Melville-Reid 1976 Goolagong S Barker Evert Evert 1975 Goolagong Evert King Evert 1974 Goolagong Evert Evert King 1973 Court Court King Court 1972 Wade King King King 1971 Court Goolagong Goolagong King 1970 Court Court Court Court 1969 Court Court A Jones Court / Court ** 1968 King Richey King Wade / King ** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** US Open had Amateur and Pro tournaments in 1968 and 1969. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -16- Number of Grand Slam Singles Titles Won (Players playing in Open Era) 1. Emerson 12 * 1. Court 26 2. Laver 11 2. Navratilova 18 Borg 11 Evert 18 4. Rosewall 8 4. Graf 15 Connors 8 5. King 12 Lendl 8 6. Seles 8 7. Newcombe 7 7. Goolagong 7 McEnroe 7 8. Mandlikova 4 Wilander 7 9. Wade 3 10. Edberg 6 10. Austin 2 Sanchez Vicario 2 * Didn't win any GS titles in the Open Era. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -17- Players with Highest Number of Career Singles Titles (Open Era) 1. Martina Navratilova 167 2. Chris Evert 157 3. Jimmy Connors 109 4. Ivan Lendl 94 5. Evonne Goolagong 88 6. Steffi Graf 85 7. Margaret Court 79 8. John McEnroe 77 9. Billie Jean King 71 10. Bjorn Borg 62 11. Guillermo Vilas 61 12. Ilie Nastase 57 13. Virginia Wade 55 14. Rod Laver 47 15. Boris Becker 39 Stefan Edberg 39 17. Arthur Ashe 33 Mats Wilander 33 Tracy Austin 33 20. Monica Seles 32 Navratilova officially eclipsed Evert's record by winning title #158 at the Virginia Slims of Chicago, 1992. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -18- Head-to-head win-loss records of selected top players Women Gra Sel San Nav Mar Sab Fer Nov Cap Hub 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Graf * 6-4 23-6 9-9 9-1 26-11 11-0 20-3 9-1 7-0 2. Seles 4-6 * 11-1 10-7 5-0 9-3 15-1 3-1 5-2 4-0 3. Sanchez Vic. 6-23 1-11 * 2-13 5-1+ 9-12 6-2 4-8 4-3 6-1+ 4. Navratilova 9-9 7-10 13-2 * 1-3 15-5 9-0 7-1 1-1 2-1 5. Martinez 1-9 0-5 1-5+ 3-1 * 4-9 1-1 0-2 1-3 0-4 6. Sabatini 11-26 3-9 12-9 5-15 9-4 * 11-10+10-3 10-4 3-1 7. Fernandez 0-11 1-15 2-6 0-9 1-1 10-11+ * 2-3 0-1 4-2 8. Novotna 3-20 1-3 8-4 1-7 2-0 3-10 3-2 * 0-0 3-2 9. Capriati 1-9 2-5 3-4 1-1 3-1 4-10 1-0 0-0 * 4-0 10. Huber 0-7 0-4 1-6+ 1-2 4-0 1-3 2-4 2-3 0-4 * Men Sam Cou Edb Bec Kor Iva Aga Cha Len 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Sampras * 10-3+ 5-5 5-3 9-3 2-5 6-4 3-6 5-2 2. Courier 3-10+ * 5-4 1-6 2-1 4-3 6-4 7-5 0-4 3. Edberg 5-5 4-5 * 10-21 3-4 6-7 2-4 11-5 14-13 4. Becker 3-5 6-1 21-10 * 3-0 6-3 3-7 2-1 10-11 5. Korda 3-9 1-3 4-3 0-3 * 2-2 1-5 1-1 4-1 6. Ivanisevic 5-2 3-4 7-6 3-6 2-2 * 2-1 2-0 1-5 7. Agassi 4-6 4-6 4-2 7-3 5-1 1-2 * 5-2 2-5 8. Chang 6-3 5-7 5-11 1-2 1-1 0-2 2-5 * 1-5 9. Lendl 2-5 4-0 13-14 11-10 1-4 5-1 5-2 5-1 * Other Notable Match-Ups Lendl-Connors 23-13 Navratilova-Evert 43-37 Lendl-McEnroe 20-15 Navratilova-Shriver 37-3 Borg-McEnroe 7-7 Navratilova-Garrison 33-1 Krajicek-Edberg 2-1 Navratilova-Sukova 25-5 Becker-Stich 5-3 Graf-Sukova 21-1 Chesnokov-Courier 5-2 Graf-Tauziat 17-0 Courier-Stich 5-4 Graf-Zvereva 14-0 Edberg-Stich 4-6 Graf-Date 4-0 Sampras-Stich 3-3+ Graf-Davenport 2-0 Ivanisevic-Stich 2-3 Sabatini-Davenport 3-2 Sampras-Krajicek 1-1 Martinez-Davenport 0-1 Forget-Sampras 4-2 Sabatini-Pierce 4-1 Ivanisevic-Bruguera 3-3 Graf-Pierce 2-1+ Sampras-Bruguera 1-2 Sanchez Vicario-Pierce 4-1+ Martin-Edberg 3-1+ Medvedev-Kafelnikov 2-0 Stich-Kafelnikov 1-4 Ferrando-Seles 1-0 Walpole-Graf 1-0* * Graf was 13 at the time of the loss, which was in a satellite tournament. Seles' loss was at the 1990 US Open. + Indicates changes since last FAQ update Changes: Dusseldorf RR: Stich d. Sampras Strasbourg F: Fernandez d. Sabatini French Open 4R: Sanchez Vicario d. Huber QF: Courier d. Sampras SF: Sanchez Vicario d. Martinez Pierce d. Graf F: Sanchez Vicario d. Pierce Queen's Club QF: Martin d. Edberg Head-to-head records include regular tournaments, Davis Cup, the World Team Cup, etc., but NOT exhibitions and the Grand Slam Cup. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -19- Pro Tennis Players' Racquet, String, and Clothing Information Compiled by Natasha Austria Last Modified: 21 May 94 G = gut S = synthetic MP = mid plus OS = oversize xx/yy = mains (ver)/cross (hor) n/a = info not available Note about string tensions: many of the players do not stick with one tension, & often vary them depending on playing surface, weather, etc. "xx-yy" is the estimated tension RANGE in which a given player is known to have their racquets strung. String tensions are in pounds (lb.) Though most are, not all players are necessarily contracted with the company(s) manufacturing their equipment (particularly strings) or their clothing/shoes. The following are from the most recent sources I could find, but my apologies for any gross errors. :-) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Racquet String Tension Clothing/Shoes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Agassi Head Radical Trisys 260 Babolat(G) 75 Nike Aresse Dunlop n/a n/a Karlhy Becker Estusa Pro Vantage Babolat(G) 64-66 Lotto Boetsch Head Prestige Classic n/a n/a Lacoste Bruguera Yonex Tecnifibre(S) 51/46 Sergio Tacchini Chang Prince Graphite Pro Babolat(G) 55-59 Reebok Cherkasov Volkl TR25 various 62-70 Ellesse Chesnokov Volkl n/a n/a Nike Connors Prince Babolat(G) 48-55 n/a Costa Rossignol FT 6.80 Polystar 64 Fila Courier Wilson ProStaff Tour Gosen(G) 60-66 Nike Classic 6.6 Edberg Wilson ProStaff Classic Bow Brand(G) 53-63 Adidas Ferreira Dunlop Revelation Tecnifibre(S) 68-74 Fila Forget Lacoste Equijet Babolat(G) 49-64 Lacoste B Gilbert Fox various 56-61 Spaulding/Nike Goellner Head Prestige Tour 600 n/a n/a Reebok Gustafsson Fischer Vacuum Pro MP Prince(S) 59-62 Reebok Hlasek Fischer Babolat(G) 57/55 Le Coq Sportif Holm Dunlop Revelation Pro 90 n/a n/a Asics Ivanisevic Head Prestige Pro Babolat(G) 48-62 L'Alpine/Diadora Kafelnikov Fisher Lotto Korda Volkl Tecnifibre(S) 50-55 Ellesse/Nike Krajicek Wilson ProStaff Classic Babolat(G) 53 Nike Krickstein Yonex n/a n/a Ellesse/Asics Larsson Prince CTS Precision MP n/a n/a Reebok Leconte Fischer n/a n/a Lacoste Lendl Mizuno IL-F302Z Babolat(G) 62-72 Mizuno Mancini Head Babolat(G) 53 Lotto Mansdorf Head Prestige Classic Babolat(G) 53-57 Diadora Martin Wilson ProStaff 4.5psi n/a n/a Reebok Masur Fischer Vacuum Pro Mid n/a n/a Reebok McEnroe Dunlop Revelation n/a n/a Nike Medvedev Prince n/a n/a Fila Muster Head Prestige Pro n/a n/a Lotto Novacek Puma Puma(S) 68/66 Puma Pioline Donnay n/a n/a Nike Rosset Head Prestige Classic n/a n/a Diadora Sampras Wilson ProStaff Babolat(G) 52-66 Sergio Tacchini E Sanchez Head Prestige Classic Babolat(G) 53/51 Reebok Santoro Dunlop n/a n/a Lacoste Steeb Fischer n/a n/a Nike Stich Fischer Vacuum Pro Mid Babolat(G) 52-59 Reebok Volkov Volkl Babolat(G) 64 Reebok Washington Yonex RD-7 n/a n/a Reebok Wheaton Head Graphite Pro Babolat(G) 48-55 Nike Woodbridge Wilson Ultra Wilson(G) 71-73 Diadora Woodforde Snauwaert HL-10 Polystar 86-92 Reebok -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Appelmans Pro Kennex Keron Babolat(G) 55 Fila/Nike Destiny Basuki Wilson ProStaff Classic Rucanor(S) 51 n/a Capriati* Prince CTS Synergy 26 Babolat(G) 66 Diadora DB Mid Cecchini Miller Konika Reverse Tecnifibre 55 Diadora Coetzer Prince Graph.Lite XB110 Prince(S) 62 Nike Date Yonex RD-8 Babolat(G) 48 Yonex Davenport Wilson ProStaff 4.5 n/a n/a Nike Fendick Wilson ProStaff Cl. 95 Wilson(G) 64 Avia G Fernandez Yonex RD-7 Babolat(G) 66 Avia M Fernandez Mizuno Pro MV Midplus Babolat(G) 63-66 Nike Frazier Mizuno Pro 8.9 Prince(S) 68 Avia Garrison-J Yonex Cyborg 2700 Babolat(G) 57 Reebok Graf Wilson ProStaff Lite Cl Babolat(G) 59-64 Adidas Hack Prince Graph.II OS Prince(S) 64 Sergio Tacchini Halard Major Expert Tecnifibre(S) 55 Lacoste/Nike Huber Yonex RQ-380 Babolat(G) 62 Ellesse/Nike Hy Wilson ProStaff 5.5 Polystar(S) 64 Sergio Tacchini Majoli Prince Graph. II OS Babolat(G)/ 59/57 Reebok Prince(S) K Maleeva Rossignol Vectris 8000 Babolat(G) 64/59 Isostar/Reebok M Maleeva Rossignol Vectris 8000 Babolat(G) 64/59 Reebok Maleeva-Fra Wilson Profile 3.0 Babolat(G) 66/64 Diadora Aire Shell Martinez Donnay Tecnifibre(S) 55/53 Kelme McNeil Prince Synergy DB26 Babolat(G) 68 Reebok Meskhi Prince CTS Synergy 26 Babolat(G) 60.5 Prince DB Mid Navratilova Yonex RD-7 Babolat(G) 70 Lotto Neiland Rossignol FT 6.80 Babolat(G) 66 Ellesse Novotna Prince Graph.II MP Babolat(G) 57/53 Prince Oremans Wilson ProStaff Classic n/a n/a Australian/Nike Pierce Wilson ProStaff Mid Tecnifibre(S) 59 Nike Provis Wilson ProStaff Classic Wilson(G) 70 Lacoste/Dunlop Raymond Prince Graphite Mid Prince(S) 77 Reebok Rittner Wilson ProStaff Cl 95 Wilson(G) 57/55 Ellesse Rottier Prince CTS Synergy Prince(S) 53 n/a 26 DB Sabatini Yamaha Secret EX-110 Rucanor(S) 66 Sergio Tacchini Sanchez-V Slazenger Silhouette 95 Babolat(G) 64/62 Reebok Sawamatsu Dunlop Max 200G Pro Pacific(G) 33 Lacoste/Asics Schultz Yonex Gamma(G) 62 Lotto Seles Yonex RQ-380 Tecnifibre(S) 77-83 Fila Shriver Yonex RD-7 Yonex(S) 75 Yonex Sukova Mizuno EXPZ MP Babolat(G) 55/53 Isostar/Nike Tauziat Pro Kennex Asymmetric265Babolat(G) 55/53 Lacoste/Nike Wiesner Fischer Vacuum Pro MP Babolat(G) 57/55 Reebok Zrubakova Miller Konika Pro Babolat(G) 53 Avia Zvereva Yonex RQ-180 Yonex(G) 72-75 Lotto -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Recently, Prince and Diadora terminated their contracts with Capriati in wake of the drug charge against her. Sources Equipment: tennis magazin (Germany), Tennis Magazine (France), USRSA (US Racquet Stringers Assoc.), Tennis (USA), Tennis Week (USA) Clothing: Tennis Week (USA), personal observation :-) -20- Fan Club Information Most of the following Fan Club information has been contributed by Jimmy Lim (jlim@tartarus.uwa.edu.au). In the future, those who wish to provide additions or updates to this list should try to provide just ONE international address, if possible. Otherwise, the list will grow too long. Thanks. ANDRE AGASSI : Andre Agassi Fan Club - c/o Rita Agassi, PO Box 8088, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119, USA - c/o Denise Kimble, 227 Henley Rd, Caversham, Reading RG4 OLJ, UK - c/o U.E.C., Via R.Lanciani, 00162 Rome, Italy - Casella Postale 7228, 00100 Rome Nomentano, Italy BORIS BECKER : Boris Becker Fan Club - c/o Randy Pagel, PO Box 1491, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54902, USA - c/o J.Bramfitt, The Attic Flat, 29 Liverpool Road, Chester CH2 1AB, UK - c/o Silvia Keersten, Dussel 65, D-40219 Dusseldorf 1, Germany - Bum Bum Club, c/o Manuela Corsini, Lungarno Buozzi 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy JENNIFER CAPRIATI : Jennifer Capriati Fan Club - c/o Lorenzo Rapetti, via Melchiorre Gioia 133, 20125 Milan, Italy STEFAN EDBERG : Stefan Edberg Fan Club - 122 Fountainbleu Drive, Shreveport, Louisiana 71115, USA - c/o Claudia Niesporek, Heidelberg str. 26, D-68782 Bruhl, Germany - c/o Brigitte Sandfort, Westerwaldstrabe 63, D-46145 Oberhausen 11, Germany - Stefanello's Club, c/o Santochirico Nunzia, Via del Sanniti 5, 75100 Matera, Italy STEFFI GRAF: Steffi Graf Fan Club - c/o Michael Giesinger, Lm Schletter 2, A-6844 Altach, Austria - c/o Furloni Clemens, Via Ugo Foscolo 28, 25040 Cividate Camuno (Bs), Italy Steffi Graf International Supporters' Club -- Jackie Tanner, 12108 Stoney Spur, San Antonio, TX 78247-3439, USA Chris Skelton, 308-2077 Prospect St, Burlington, Ontario L7R 1Z4, Canada Peter Burton, 6 Kershope Close, Goldington, Bedford MK41 OAQ, UK Tony Rowe, 1/111 Nepean Street, Greensborough, Victoria 3088, Australia Anke Rossol, OT Gadenstedt, Meierstrasse 8, D-31246 Lahstedt, Germany HENRI LECONTE : Henri Leconte Fan Club, c/o Daniela Franke, Seyboldstr. 9A, 2050 Hamburg, Germany IVAN LENDL : Ivan Lendl Italian Fans' Club, c/o Claire Cena, Via Don Minzoni 47, 41043 Formigine (Mo) THOMAS MUSTER : Thomas Muster Fan Club, c/o Giovanna Gaudio, via Galieno 46, 80053 c/Stabia (Na), Italy GABRIELA SABATINI: Gabriela Sabatini Fan Club; App. Int. 14, Suc. 27; 1427 Buenos Aires; Argentina MONICA SELES : European Fan Club of Monica Seles (EFCMS): Olivier Ferrando (President of EFCMS); 26 rue des Lilas, F-06 100; Nice, France TOOD WOODBRIDGE: Official Todd Woodbridge Fan Club, 4 Chaplin St, Stafford Heights, Qld 4053, Australia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Date: 06-12-94 Msg # 15047 To: ALL Conf: (2120) news.answers From: Christopher Smith Stat: Public Subj: FAQ for rec.sport.tennis Read: Yes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @FROM :csmith@cc.gatech.edu @SUBJECT:FAQ for rec.sport.tennis (4/5) - Equipment @PACKOUT:06-12-94 Operations Message-ID: <rst4_771466517@cc.gatech.edu> Newsgroups: rec.sport.tennis,rec.answers,news.answers Organization: College of Computing, Georgia Tech Archive-name: tennis-faq/equipment FAQ for rec.sport.tennis -- File 4 of 5 Table of Contents - File 4 File Item Title --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 -21- Buying a Tennis Racquet -- Issues to Consider . -22- Explanation of Racquet Grips . . . . . . . . . -23- Racquet Stringing Information . . . . . . . . . --------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -21- Buying a Tennis Racquet -- Issues to Consider (This section is a condensed version of an article originally posted by Charles Lin, clin@eng.umd.edu - modified by csmith@cc.gatech.edu). The following article discusses various criteria individuals may want to examine when considering buying a new tennis racquet. The following topics are covered: + Price + Where to buy (mail order vs. local store) + Racquet size + Flexibility + Racquet material + Vibration dampening + Racquet strings and stringing + Grips + Head balance + Weight If you are looking for a racquet, the short advice is to hit with as many racquets as you can, and pick the one you like best. Like anything, choosing racquets is a highly subjective decision, and you will get pickier as you get better in tennis. As a beginner, you may not have as much information as you would like. This article summarizes issues you should think about when buying a racquet. Price ----- Racquets range anywhere from 30 US dollars all the way up to 250 US dollars and more. They may roughly be divided into two classes - those costing $90 US or less, and those costing more than $90 US. Generally, a reasonable racquet will cost at least $90 US (not on sale). Most racquets in this price range are made of graphite material or a graphite composite. A few inexpensive racquets may be composed of a metallic material such as aluminum. Usually the more expensive racquets (200 to 300 US dollars) will have fancier features, but a less expensive model may well suit your needs. Mail order or not ----------------- Should you mail order or not? The main advantage of mail order is cost savings and more selection variety. Disadvantages: (1) you might get ripped off; (2) no-return policies; (3) you can't play-test the racquet before buying. If you do choose to mail order, you may want to call the Better Business Bureau (in the US) in the city where the company operates from to see what kinds of complaints you get. Buying from sports stores allows you to take the racquet home right away. You may be able to come close to a mail-order price if you find the racquet you want on sale. You can sometimes get discontinued racquets at great prices. Also, you can usually return the racquet if not satisfied. Size of racquet --------------- The "racquet size" refers to the area bounded by the oval part of the racquet frame (the racquet head). Sizes may be roughly divided into four categories: + Standard (approx 66 sq. inches -- the old wood racquets) + Midsize (80-90 sq. inches) + "Mid-overs" or "Mid-plus" (95-105 sq. inches) + Oversize (Approx 110 sq. inches) (1 square inch = 6.452 square cm) You can no longer find the standard size racquets which are the old wooden racquets of the past. Ever since Pam Shriver and others started using larger-sized racquets, other pros and amateurs have made the switch. What does size mean to you? An oversized racquet means you have more area to hit the ball, and the racquet is more forgiving on off-center shots. Many baseliners use oversize racquets because they hit many strokes and tend to utilize the extra area to help with topspin production. These racquets can lead to sloppy stroke production and can be too powerful for some players. This is usually not a big problem for most players. A midsize racquet is usually a little better for volleyers who play against hard hitters because it provides a bit of control. On the other hand, the oversized racquet still provides more area to hit with, and some serve and volleyers will use oversized racquets. The mid-over is a compromise -- more powerful than the midsize but not as powerful as the oversized. These racquets are becoming more popular than midsize racquets. Some companies have introduced super-oversized models, which are a bit larger than oversize (typically about 115-120 sq. in.). There are even a few models around 130 sq. inches, which are probably much too big for reasonable play and should be avoided. The best way to determine the right size for you is to play-test with the different sizes. There are a great number and variety of mid-over and oversize models to choose from. Widebodies ---------- The "widebody revolution" started in the late 80's with models such as the Wilson Profile. Different companies have produced various racquets that vary in their widebody construction (e.g., equally wide - Classic Beam; wide on top - Prince; wide on bottom - Head). Generally, Wider -> More powerful, stiffer, more expensive. Wide- bodies are usually 18mm (very narrow) up to 30mm wide. The general rule of thumb is that the quicker and longer a stroke motion you have, the narrower a racquet you should use (not a hard-and-fast rule, though). It should be noted that you are not going to find non-widebodies around. Almost every racquet is wide to some extent. One problem with widebodies occurs when people try to hit the ball edge on as in extreme sliced shots or topspin shots. You tend to hit the side of the racquet a lot more. You can compensate through a bit of practice. Stiff or flexible ----------------- Stiff racquets bend and torque a lot less than flexible racquets and thus usually generate more power. Stiff racquets will also produce a bit more accuracy than a flexible racquet because they twist less on impact so the response is more predictable. Primarily though, flexibility translates to comfort. Stiff racquets tend to be more uncomfortable (i.e., produce more shock to the arm) than flexible racquets. The widebodies all tend to be fairly stiff racquets though many of these racquets now have some kind of dampening system (see Vibration Dampening below). Material -------- Racquets are usually composed of graphite and metal. There are no racquets made of wood being made today. Ceramic racquets, which used to be made, are reported too brittle and are more likely to break than graphite racquets. Almost all metal racquets are junior sized racquets or lower priced racquets. Graphite racquets are sometimes combined with other materials such as fiberglass to affect the flexibility. Generally, if you want to play "seriously", you choose graphite. The graphite racquets tend to have better vibration technology than metal. Vibration dampening ------------------- Vibration dampening appears to be the current industry fad (e.g., Head - Vibrasorb, Dunlop - ISIS, Prince - liquid crystal polymers). The method for dampening a racquet's vibration is provided either in the material of the racquet, the material underneath the grip, or some method of "isolating" the head of the racquet with the body. Vibration dampening affects the "feel" of a racquet by alleviating the "shock" of ball impact and can help alleviate a common cause of tennis elbow (improper stroke production is another cause). You can also buy vibration dampeners which can be sponge inserts, plastic inserts, or you can even tie a rubber band to the racquet like Agassi. These dampeners probably work, but it's a matter a personal judgment as to whether you need these devices. Strings ------- Basically there are three kinds of strings you can get: (1) Nylon, (2) Gut, and (3) Synthetic Gut. Nylon is cheap and durable, but it is not overly resilient and tends to lose tension before it snaps. Gut is the choice of many pros, but it is rather expensive and generally not recommended unless you can afford to buy in bulk and have your own stringing machine. Gut strings are resilient, hold tension better, and players like the feel better. However, humidity affects the strings and cause them to degrade. Gut doesn't last as long as nylon. The compromise is synthetic strings. Basically, gut is made by long thin strands of cow or sheep gut, and it is twisted together in much the same way twine or string is made. Synthetic gut does the same thing with nylon strings to achieve the same effect. They cost more than nylon but less than real gut. They play and hold tension better than nylon. Strings come in various thicknesses, called "gauges." You have 15, 15L, 16, 16L, and 17. Larger numbers mean thinner strings. "L" means light and can be thought of as half as size (so 15L can be considered 15 1/2). Thick strings have less resilience and feel than thin strings but last longer. So-called "topspin" strings are mostly gimmicky and should probably be avoided. These are rough surfaced strings designed to grab the ball better. The feel or durability of the strings are not necessarily improved. Cost of strings range from about $8 (US) for nylon to $12-$30 for synthetic gut to $30-$35 for gut strings. Strings can be purchased in large reels for stringing at home for less. String snapping --------------- The main cause of strings breaking is excessive spin. If you play with lots of spin, you cause the strings to slide. Under the tensions these strings are under, this causes notches which you can actually see. The notches eventually break. The harder you hit, and the more spin you hit, the more likely the strings will break sooner. One way to avoid this problem (or at least prolong string life) is to use inserts called "String-a-lings" that prevent the strings from sliding too much. You can place this device at points where the string crosses. Another possibility is to use thicker strings or to string at a higher tension (next section). Higher tensions means less string sliding but can mean a greater likelihood that a string will snap (because of higher tensile pressure). String tension -------------- Note: 1 pound (lb) = 0.448 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 = 4.39 Newtons String tension is usually measured in pounds (in the US). Recommended string tensions have varied with the times but these days usually run in the range of the mid 60's (pounds) for oversize and high 50's to low 60's for mid-overs. How do you choose a tension? If you're unsure, choose a tension that is halfway between the manufacturer's ranges. You can then adjust up or down until you find the tension most suitable for you. Exceeding the limits of manufacturer's recommended string tensions might void the racquet warranty (check with the racquet company if you have questions), but most racquets can withstand a great range of tensions before damage sets in. Higher tensions will probably cause a little more damage than lower tensions. Basically, higher tensions decrease the size of the sweetspot and reduce the power (thus increasing control a bit). The higher the tension, the more boardlike the feel. Some people like this. Desired tension is pretty much a matter of personal taste, and as you improve the level of your game, you are apt to notice small fluctuations in string tensions. Also note that the same string tension will have a different "feel" for different racquets. Overwraps --------- Most racquet grips used to be made of leather and would become hard to grip when the pores became clogged with dirt from your sweat. A solution to this problem is the use of an overgrip. Overgrips are *temporary* grips, and it is not recommended that you attempt to actually replace a racquet's existing grip. Overgrips fit over the existing grip (and thus increase the grip size a bit - see next section) and absorb the sweat better. Some overgrips are "tacky" or sticky. Some are even essentially gauze with tape and some sticky powder. They should be replaced about every five times of playing or sooner. Otherwise, they get a little icky. Some overgrips feel rubbery, others cloth like, others a bit powdery. They are about 5 US dollars for a set of three. Nowadays there are synthetic grips which are much easier to grip than leather, thus possibly removing the need for overgrips. Replacement Grips ----------------- Replacement grips are meant to replace the original (leather or synthetic) grip that your racquet came with. Typically, this requires someone with experience to do this for you. Replacing a grip requires more skill than using overwraps. Replacement grips should cost less than 20 US dollars. Grip size --------- There are, generally speaking, three basic grip sizes: 4 3/8, 4 1/2, and 4 5/8 inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm). Despite the 1/8 inch difference in circumference, you can really notice the difference. A general rule of thumb is to choose the largest grip you feel comfortable with, but again there are exceptions to every rule. In some cases you might can obtain grip sizes as diverse as 4 1/8 or 4 7/8 inches through a mail order company or a local pro shop. Head balance ------------ Take a racquet and find the length half way. A racquet is typically 27 inches long so this is 13 1/2 inches. If the racquet balances halfway, then it is even balance. If it tilts to the racquet head, it is head heavy. If it tilts toward the handle, it is head light. The balance of a racquet can make two racquets of equal weight feel different. The head heavy racquet will feel heavier than the lighter one when you swing (think of the difference in holding a hammer at either end). A head light racquet is better for serve and volleyers who need to move the racquet quickly. A head heavy racquet is a little better for baseliners who want to place more mass behind the racquet. Most racquets are only marginally head heavy or head light. Some terminology. Find the half way point (13 1/2 inches). If the balance point of your racquet is 3/8 inch closer to the racquet head than the halfway point, then it is 3 points head heavy (1 point = 1/8 inch). If the racquet balances 3/8 inch closer to the handle, then is is 3 point head light. Weight ------ As a rule, the trend in weight is toward lighter and lighter racquets, particularly with the introduction of graphite. Racquets right now weigh about 11 and 1/2 ounces and decreasing with time. Some racquets are even less than 10 ounces. The lighter a racquet, the easier it is to swing. However, light racquets place less weight behind the shot, and hence you have to swing faster to get a more powerful shot. This has been the main way (along with balance) to tame the power of widebodies. Conclusion ---------- This discussion is not meant to provide you with the method for selecting your racquet, rather to present the various issues you will confront as you make your choice. Good luck with the racquet hunt. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -22- Explanation of Racquet Grips (This material provided by Charles Lin, clin@eng.umd.edu, and modified by csmith@cc.gatech.edu.) It is a bit difficult to explain the various racquet grips without a little "show and tell," so to speak, but the following discussion may be of help to beginners or players who are experimenting with racquet grips. Some diagrams to help with the discussion: Here's two views of a racquet, with numbered labels shown which are referred to in discussions below. --------- / 1 \ _______ View from / 8 2 \ grip / \ bottom / \ 1__________/ racquet \ ------ | | |__________ face | racquet | 7 3 | 5 \ / butt | | \_______/ \ / \ 6 4 / "Face-On" view... racquet face is \ 5 / in the same plane as imaginary -------- line connecting sides 1 and 5. The grips are explained below by relating the knuckle of the index finger to the relative racquet butt position the knuckle lines up over. In other words, to obtain a certain grip, place the index knuckle on the indicated butt edge and then slide your hand upward on the racquet grip. In case there's any confusion, here's a diagram of the (right) index finger: thumb (located about here) -- - \ ---------------------------------- | | --- \ X ||| | | | | (first finger) | | --- / ---------------------------------- "X" marks the bottom of the knuckle. Imagine that you are making a fist, and staring at the knuckles. X is the location where this bend would occur on the first finger. Summary of locations (refer to racquet butt diagram for positions) -------------------- 1 Eastern backhand 1-2 Continental 2 Eastern forehand 2-3 Semi-Western 4 Western 5 Exaggerated Western (note this is also the Eastern backhand) The plain numbers like 1, 2, 3 refer to the flat portions of the grip while the 2-3 refer to the corner. Place the bottom knuckle of the first finger of your right hand to get the desired results. Left handers need to number 1 through 8 counter-clockwise rather than clockwise, and the locations should still hold. Description of grips -------------------- Eastern forehand grip --------------------- This is the grip that is considered the classical forehand grip and is taught mostly in English speaking countries such as the US. It is also called the shake-hands grip because you should be able to shake hands with the racquet (assume the racquet is lying on the floor on its edge). The grip should also let you hit a ball that is about waist high and a little in front of you with a "relaxed" grip, and this grip should leave the face of the racquet perpendicular to the plane of the ground. You can hit flat, moderate topspin, to moderately heavy topspin with this grip. While it is rare to use this grip for serving, it can be used. It's pretty good for flat serves, but you need to work at it more to produce spin shots. For the remainder of this article, this grip will be referred to as the "conventional position." Eastern backhand grip --------------------- This grip allows you to place more of your palm behind the racquet which gives the racquet more stability than using the Eastern forehand grip. This grip is also commonly taught. If you hit the ball a little more in front of you than when you hit the forehand shot (hitting the backhand "properly" usually requires hitting the ball a little more in front than the forehand), and the ball is at waist height, then you will be able to hit the ball with a relaxed grip with the plane of the racquet perpendicular to the ground. The Eastern backhand grip is often used for serving. It feels awkward at first, but allows for serving with slice (since it feels like hitting the ball edge on initially). Continental grip ---------------- The continental grip is halfway between the Eastern forehand grip and the Eastern backhand grip and used to be much more popular (in the 1960's) than it is now. The advantages are that you can use one grip for the forehand and backhand. This is especially useful when volleying when you require fast reflexes and don't have time to switch grips. The disadvantage is that the grip is more "open" on the forehand side than the Eastern backhand grip. In other words, grip to the "conventional position". Then, switch to a Continental grip. The racquet should tilt upwards slightly. If you're still not sure what an "open" position is, try the following exercise: sit at a desk, turn left so that the desk is on your right-hand side, and place your right hand on and perpendicular to the desk (as if you were going to do a karate chop). Tilt your hand a bit upward so that the palm faces upward. Imagining that your palm is the racquet face, this is an "open" racquet position. If you tilt your hand the other way so that the palm aims downward, you'll have a closed or more closed position. The more "open" the racquet face is, the more "up" it points, and vice versa. The Continental grip is useful for hitting late forehand shots because it allows you to hit late shots with a more perpendicular face. Note that the "idealness" of a grip (i.e., hitting it with a perpendicular face) depends on the location of where you hit the ball. The Eastern forehand and backhand grip are best for waist-high shots hit just a little in front of the body. This grip is also used for serving for similar reason to the Eastern backhand. Western (forehand) grip ----------------------- This is known as the frying-pan grip. Imagine you lay the racquet down flat as if it were a frying pan. Lift it up. This grip should be pretty close to the Western forehand grip. Repopularized by Borg, this is the grip of most players who like to hit with a lot of topspin (though Connors uses this grip and he hits it flat). In the conventional position, the Western forehand grip would almost be faced down (parallel to the ground). You can hit with a perpendicular face if the ball is near shoulder height and a bit in front, or if the wrist and arm is contorted. The act of changing from a closed position to the perpendicular position in a smooth upward stroke helps to produce topspin. The grip plays one role in hitting topspin, but it is not the most crucial part. You can hit topspin with a Continental grip too, but most people hit it with a Western grip. Semi-Western (forehand grip) ---------------------------- This grip is about halfway between a Eastern forehand and a Western forehand. If you used the conventional position, the racquet would be at about a 45 degree angle faced down. It's halfway being perpendicular and being parallel to the ground. A lot of self taught players use this grip. Often players with big forehands use this grip (though Eastern and Western grips will both work). Exaggerated Western (forehand grip) ---------------------------------- This is a pretty awkward grip. It is more clockwise than the Western grip, and you can use the same face to hit a backhand too. Note that most people hit forehands and backhands with both sides of the racquet. The exaggerated Western forehand grip meant for those who want excessive topspin and the grip that goes with it. Two handed backhand grip ------------------------ Typically, you use an Eastern backhand grip for the right hand (for a right hander) and a left-handed (using the adjustment in the diagram mentioned above) Eastern forehand grip for the left hand. This allows you to remove the left hand if needed to hit the backhand, and hit it one- handed. Some players use a forehand grip with the right hand, and the left hand is a left-handed forehand grip. This makes it easier to hit returns of serves, since the left hand can be removed and a conventional forehand hit, but is a little more difficult for hitting a one-handed shot. A final note ------------ Although these grips are associated with certain styles of play (Eastern and Continental for flat forehands. Western for topspin forehands), there are players who use these grips for other styles (Lendl and Sampras hit Eastern forehands but with topspin. Connors hits flat Western forehands. Martina and Rod Laver hit topspin forehands with Continental grips). The basic rule of thumb is this, though. Given a "relaxed" grip, the idea position for a Eastern forehand is waist high, a little in front. The ideal Continental position is a little late or a little behind you. The ideal Western is a bit more in front and about shoulder height. However, with the Western and Continental grips, there is usually a compensation by the person so that one does not use a "relaxed" position, but still hits with a perpendicular face. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -23- Racquet Stringing Information [The following writeup was provided by Dan Simoes (dans@ans.net). Followups, suggestions, requests, etc., about this article should be addressed to him.] A brief summary of what you need to know: - stringing can be done by mere mortals - it's not as easy as it looks - you can break your frame(s) if a) you make a big mistake (not clamped right) b) you have a cheap machine and it breaks (TR Stringer) - there are no learn to string books that I know of. You might get chummy with a local stringer in a pro shop, and ask him to teach you for free, for money or for beer :) - you should join the US Racquet Stringers Association, they provide a big manual with all the patterns you could ever dream of, good technique tips, and regular updates, as well as discounts and sometimes freebies. Call them at 619 481 3545. Oh, join before you buy a machine - you will find the Stringer's Updates are an excellent source for used machines. - The Klippermate is an excellent choice for a personal stringer. It is sturdy, well built, relatively easy to use (for a tabletop) and well worth the price. As far as tabletops go, I would hesitate to spend more - I own one myself. The 2 point mounting system used on the Klippermate is perfectly acceptable, and according to them, is better than a 4 or 6 point. The next step up would be a used upright like an Ektelon or a Winn Pro, for around $500 or so, if you have the space and need the speed advantage - you can string quicker with an upright. You will find an ad for the Klippermate and many other similar machines in the back of Tennis magazine. Q: How do I become a 'certified stringer?' A: By the USRSA (US Racquet Stringers Association). There are actually 2 types: - USRSA Certified: anyone can get this if you pass the test - USRSA CRT (Certified Racquet Technician) You must belong to an established shop where stringing is performed, and you must pass a (harder) test. The CRT designation was created to add credibility to the stringers who work at shops and therefore charge extra, as opposed to home-based stringers (like me) who string on the kitchen table and have no overhead. You can contact the USRSA at (619) 481-3545. Q: In a tabletop stringer, such as the Klippermate, is there any advantage to a 6 clamp mounting system as opposed to a 2 point? A: According to Klippermate, no. Even with upright models you will find differences in the way frames are mounted. The Winn Pro, for example, uses a 2 point mounting system with lateral support. The 2 point system used on the Klippermate works fine, and according to Klipspringer is a better method. It's sort of like the debate over front vs. rear wheel drive... No matter what system you use, make sure your clamps are tight or it won't matter how many mount points there are :). I guess this is a good start to a FAQ - please let me know what else you'd like to see, and I'll add it in. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Date: 06-12-94 Msg # 15049 To: ALL Conf: (2120) news.answers From: Christopher Smith Stat: Public Subj: FAQ for rec.sport.tennis Read: Yes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @FROM :csmith@cc.gatech.edu @SUBJECT:FAQ for rec.sport.tennis (5/5) - Miscellaneous @PACKOUT:06-12-94ublic Message-ID: <rst5_771466517@cc.gatech.edu> Newsgroups: rec.sport.tennis,rec.answers,news.answers Organization: College of Computing, Georgia Tech Archive-name: tennis-faq/miscellaneous FAQ for rec.sport.tennis -- File 5 of 5 Table of Contents - File 5 File Item Title --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 -24- Common Pro Tennis Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . -25- Professional Tournament Seeding . . . . . . . . -26- TeamTennis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -27- USTA Self Rating System . . . . . . . . . . . . -28- Tennis Tie-Break Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . -29- Dimensions of a Tennis Court . . . . . . . . . -30- Origin of Scoring System in Tennis . . . . . . -31- USTA Rules and Code On-Line . . . . . . . . . . -32- ATP and WTA Media Guides . . . . . . . . . . . -33- Addresses of TV and Tennis Organizations . . . -34- Ticket Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -35- Tennis Media Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . -A1- How to Obtain the FAQ via FTP . . . . . . . . . -A2- Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -A3- Send comments to... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -24- Common Pro Tennis Acronyms The following are some of the acronyms you may see in a discussion of pro tennis and their meanings: ATP - Association of Tennis Professionals - a "player's union" (men's tennis) that runs the tour outside of the Grand Slams, Grand Slam Cup, and Davis Cup. The ATP is headed by Mark Miles. WTA - Women's Tennis Association - an association in women's tennis that is similar to the ATP but is not as strong politically as the ATP. Gerry Smith is currently the chief executive officer of the WTA, although he intends to step down in 1994. As of 1994 the WTA is officially known as the WTA Tour Players Association. WTC - Women's Tennis Council - A board comprised of executive types from the WTA (4), directors of women's tournaments (4), and the ITF (see below - 2), that carries a lot of weight in the organization and politics of women's tennis. There is no equivalent in the men's game (although there used to be). ITF - International Tennis Federation - the body that oversees the Grand Slams, Grand Slam Cup, Davis & Federation Cup, and the Olympics. IMG - International Management Group - one of the large Sports Management agencies that manage the affairs of a large number of tennis players and run some of the pro tournament events. Advantage International and ProServ are the other main Agencies with tennis playing clients, although there are also a number of smaller agencies. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -25- Professional Tournament Seeding The following diagram shows the typical formula used to determine the draws for 16-seed men's and women's tournaments (for meetings in the round-of-16). Sometimes there are some minor modifications employed; e.g, the #3/4 seed might be placed in the part of a quarter opposite the indicated position. As indicated, more restrictions are placed on men's draws. For instance, in a men's draw, the only seeded player #1 and #2 can possibly meet in the round of 16 is either #15 or #16; whereas, in a women's draw, #1 and #2 can meet any one among the #9 to #16 range. Seedings and draw information for 16-seed pro tournaments Women Men 1 1 --------+ |--------+ one of 9-16 15 or 16 --------+ | |--------+ one of 9-16 9 or 10 --------+ | | |--------+ | one of 5-8 7 or 8 --------+ | |--------+ 3 or 4 3 or 4 --------+ | | |--------+ | | one of 9-16 13 or 14 --------+ | | | |--------+ | one of 9-16 11 or 12 --------+ | | |--------+ | one of 5-8 5 or 6 --------+ | +--------> one of 5-8 5 or 6 --------+ | |--------+ | one of 9-16 11 or 12 --------+ | | |--------+ | one of 9-16 13 or 14 --------+ | | | |--------+ | | 3 or 4 3 or 4 --------+ | | |--------+ one of 5-8 7 or 8 --------+ | |--------+ | one of 9-16 9 or 10 --------+ | | |--------+ one of 9-16 15 or 16 --------+ | |--------+ 2 2 --------+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -26- TeamTennis TeamTennis (formerly World TeamTennis) is a concept, devised by Billie Jean King, which came to fruition in the 1970's and has recently made somewhat of a comeback. TeamTennis was at it's peak in the mid 1970's, with the likes of Evert, Connors, and Borg among its ranks. The concept gradually died for various reasons in the late 70's but has been revised in a scaled-down form. The basic TeamTennis concept is as follows: The TeamTennis franchise is similar to US baseball and football, where teams based in various US cities compete against one another. Unlike baseball and football, team members get paid based on their performance rather than a fixed amount. There are two divisions (East and West Divisions), teams within each division competing against one another over a 4-week period following Wimbledon. The two top division teams (determined by win-loss record of the top team and a playoff between the #2 and #3 teams) square off in a playoff match, with the playoff winners then competing in a Championship final for that year. A TeamTennis match consists of five sets: one set each of men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles. The order of match play is doubles-singles-doubles-singles-doubles, with the coach of the host team determining the exact order of sets (e.g., women's doubles first). Prior to each set, a certain amount of time is allowed for player warmups. A change of sides occurs every fourth game after a set starts, rather than every odd game played. The scoring is "no-ad," meaning that 40-40 is a "game point" instead of deuce. If the set score reaches 5-5, a 9-point tie-break is played (first to 5 points with an advantage of only 1 point required) to determine the winner of the set. Match score is determined by total games won by a team, not by how many sets are won. At the close of the match, the team leading in games won must win the last game played to win the match. Otherwise, fifth-set play continues until this happens or until each team is equal in number of games won. In the latter case, a 9-point super tie-break is then played to determine the match winner. In 1993, there were 12 TeamTennis leagues: Atlanta Thunder Los Angeles Strings Florida Twist Minnesota Penguins Kansas City Explorers Newport Beach (CA) Dukes New Jersey Stars Phoenix Smash Raleigh Edge Sacramento Capitals Wichita Advantage San Antonio Racquets Some of the more recognizable names participating in 1993 TeamTennis: Martina Navratilova, Jimmy Connors, Mats Wilander, Lori McNeil, Lindsay Davenport, Iva Majoli, Tracy Austin, and Bjorn Borg. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -27- USTA Self Rating System Self-Rating Guidelines: The National Tennis Rating Program provides a simple, initial self-placement method of grouping individuals of similar ability levels for league play, tournament, group lessons, social competition and club or community programs. The rating categories are generalizations about skill levels. You may find that you actually play above or below the category which best describes your skill level, depending on your competitive ability. The category you choose is not meant to be permanent, but may be adjusted as your skills change or as your match play demonstrates the need for reclassification. Ultimately, your rating is based upon your results in match play. To place yourself: A. Begin with 1.0. Read all the categories carefully and then decide which one best describes your present ability level. If your abilities range between two catagories, then choose the lower one. B. Be certain that you qualify on all points of all preceding categories as well as those in the classification you choose. C. When rating yourself assume you are playing against a player of the same sex and the same ability. D. Your self-rating may be verified by a teaching professional, coach, league coordinator or other qualified expert. E. The person in charge of your tennis program has the right to reclassify you based upon match results, if your self-placement is thought to be inappropriate Rating Categories: 1.0 This player is just starting to play tennis. 1.5 This player has limited playing experience and is still working primarily on getting the ball over the net; has some knowledge of scoring but is not familiar with basic positions and procedures for singles and doubles play. 2.0 This player may have had some lessons but needs on-court experience; has obvious stroke weaknesses but is beginning to feel comfortable with singles and doubles play. 2.5 This player has more dependable strokes and is learning to judge where the ball is going; has weak court coverage or is often caught out of position, but is starting to keep the ball in play with other players of same ability. 3.0 This player can place shots with moderate success; can sustain a rally of slow pace but is not comfortable with all strokes; lacks control when trying for power. 3.5 This player has achieved stroke dependability and direction on shots within reach, including forehand and backhand volleys, but still lacks depth and variety; seldom double faults and occasionally forces errors on the serve. 4.0 This player has dependable strokes on both forehand and backhand sides; has the ability to use a variety of shots including lobs, overheads, approach shots and volleys; can place the first serve and force some errors; is seldom out of position in a doubles game. 4.5 This player has begun to master the use of power and spins; has sound footwork; can control depth of shots and is able to move opponent up and back; can hit first serve with power and accuracy and place the second serve; is able to rush the net with some success on serve in singles as well as doubles. 5.0 This player has good shot anticipation; frequently has an outstanding shot or exceptional consistency around which a game may be structured; can regularly hit winners or force errors off of short balls; can successfully execute lobs, drop shots, half volleys and overhead smashes; has good depth and spin on most second serves. 5.5 This player can execute all strokes offensively and defensively; can hit dependable shots under pressure; is able to analyze opponents' style and can employ patterns of play to assure the greatest possibility of winning points; can hit winners or force errors with both first and second serves. Return of serve can be an offensive weapon. 6.0 This player has mastered all of the above skills; has developed power and/or consistency as a major weapon; can vary strategies and styles of play in a competitive situation. This player typically has had inten- sive training for national competition at junior or collegiate levels. 6.5 This player has mastered all of the above skills and is an experienced tournament competitor who regularly travels for competition and whose income may be partially derived from prize winnings. 7.0 This is a world class player. With this list you can rate yourself. Should you realize that your abilities range between two categories, then the lower one should be used to determine your playing level. Have fun and keep enjoying this great sport. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -28- Tennis Tie-Break Rules (Source: USTA) If announced in advance of the match, a tie-break game operates when the score reaches six games all in any set. In singles, the player who first wins seven points wins the game and the set provided he or she leads by a margin of two points. If the score reaches six points all the game is extended until this margin has been achieved. Numerical scoring is used throughout the tie-break. The player whose turn it is to serve is the Server for the first point; his or her opponent is the Server for the second and third points; and, thereafter, each player serves alternately for two consecutive points until the winner of the game and set has been decided. In doubles, the player whose turn it is to serve is the Server for the first point. Thereafter, each player serves in rotation for two points, in the same order as determined previously in that set, until the winners of the game and set have been decided. Starting with the first point, each service is delivered alternately from the right and left courts, beginning from the right court. The first Server serves the first point from the right court; the second Server serves the second and third points from the left and right courts respectively; the next Server serves the fourth and fifth points from the left and right courts, respectively; and so on. Players change ends after every six points and at the conclusion of the tie-break game. The player (or doubles pair) who served first in the tie-break shall receive service in the first game of the following set. (In other words, the tie-break counts as a service game for the player who serves the first ball.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -29- Dimensions of a Tennis Court The singles court is 78 feet long and 27 feet wide. The doubles court is 36 feet wide (thus the doubles alleys are about 4-1/2 feet wide). The service lines on either side of the net are at a distance of 21 feet from the net. The center service line is halfway between the singles (or doubles) sidelines. The net is supported by two net posts (at least three feet outside the doubles sideline - or 3 feet outside the singles sideline for a singles- only court) to a height of 3-1/2 feet and supported at the center service line to a hieght of 3 feet by a white strap. Additionally, for singles matches, the net is supported by two "singles sticks" (posts) about 3 feet outside the singles sidelines to a height of 3-1/2 feet. The ITF stipulates that for ITF competitions (the Grand Slams and Davis and Federation Cups) the space behind the baseline should be at least 21 feet and the space outside of the furthest sideline should be at least 12 feet. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -30- Origin of the Scoring System in Tennis The traditional scoring system in a tennis game is 15-30-40-deuce-ad-game. The scoring system is said to derive from the usage of the four quarters of a clock (15-30-45-60) used to score a game in the pre-modern era. 60 would signify game, while 45 was, in time, "shortened" to 40. A common explanation for the term "love" to signify a score of zero is that it originates from the Frech term "l'oeuf." Another explanation is based on the idea that to do something for love is to do something for nothing (zero). The tie-break in tennis originated with Jimmy Van Alen in the late 1960s. Van Alen wished to eliminate interminable deuce sets (sets where the score reaches 5 games all and, under traditional rules, play continues until the winner of the set acquires a two-game advantage). After some experimentation at Newport, R.I., a "sudden death" tie-break was introduced at the US Open in 1970. The winner of the tie-break was the first person to reach five points with an advantage of at least one. The current version of the tie-break -- first to seven with an advantage of two -- was implemented in 1975. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -31- USTA Rules and Code On-Line For those who wish to obtain an on-line copy of the complete USTA Rules and Code, this information is now available via anonymous FTP. To obtain the information, FTP to the machine planchet.rutgers.edu and log in as an anonymous user. Once logged in, change to the directory "tennis" and look for two files: "rules" and "code." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -32- ATP and WTA Media Guides The ATP and WTA publish media guides at the beginning of every year. These guides contain tournament information, player biographies, historical records and statistics. They can be ordered directly from the ATP and WTA, respectively. The price includes postage within the US. The following information is correct for the 1994 edition of the guides. (1) The ATP Player Guide costs US$20. Send a check to ATP's address in this FAQ or contact: PO Box 434, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0434 (800) 777-1630. (2) The WTA Media Guide is also US$20. The WTA accepts VISA/MC. One can order by phone, fax, or send a check to the WTA. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -33- Addresses of TV and Tennis Organizations ABC, 77 West 66th St., New York, N.Y. 10023 (no phone; try NY's KABC) CBS, 7800 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90036 (213)460-3000 NBC, 3300 West Alameda Blvd., Burbank, CA 91523 (818)840-4444 ESPN: 935 Middle St., Bristol, CT 06010, (203)-585-2000 HBO: 1100 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036, (212)512-1000 ATP: 200 ATP Tour Boulevard, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32082 (904)285-8000 WTA: 133 First Street NE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 (813) 895-5000 USTA: 70 West Red Oak Lane, White Planes, NY 10604 USA (914) 696-7000 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -34- Ticket Information The following ticket information for major tournaments is provided as a service to those who may have no other source of information. The FAQ authors assume no responsibility for sudden changes in some of the ticket source information. Availability of tickets will vary from event to event and sometimes depend on how well in advance tickets are sought. In particular, for the Grand Slam events, tickets must usually be obtained well in advance (unless you plan to scalp for tickets). For Wimbledon and the French Open, it is recommended that applications for tickets be submitted in the early Fall preceding the event. Australian Open tickets usually go on sale sometime in the late Northern Hemisphere Summer (August), and US Open tickets usually go on sale starting sometime in the month of May. + Wimbledon - ticket application forms: The All England Lawn Tennis Club, PO Box 98, Wimbledon, SW19 5AE, UK (Application for ballots due 31 Dec; ballots due 31 Jan; payment after notification - early March - in Pounds Sterling by bank draft.) + French Open - ticket reservation forms (best if requested by October) Stade Roland Garros, Service Reservation, 2 Avenue Gordon Bennett, 75016 Paris, France. (Enclose a self-addressed envelope with a 95-cent or equivalent international coupon.) Payment in Francs (bank draft) should be enclosed with reservation forms when they are sent back. + US Open - (800) 524-8440 + Australian Open - Australian Open Ticket Sales, c/o BASS Victoria, GPO Box 762G, Melbourne 3001, Australia --- Tennis Australia, National Tennis Centre, Batman Avenue, Melbourne 3000, Australia + Virginia Slims Championship Ticket Info: (212) 465-6500 + Lipton (Key Biscayne) Tickets: (305) 361-5252 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -35- Tennis Media Reference Guide This section contains information about tennis periodicals, books, and videos that many newcomers and other enthusiasts of the sport may find handy. Information (especially subscription rates) about periodicals is subject to change. Thanks to the many netters who have contributed information. Comments, suggestions, and additions should be addressed to csmith@cc.gatech.edu. Tennis Periodicals ------------------ 1. Name: Tennis (USA) Frequency: monthly Subscription: $23.94/year Publisher: NYT Sports/Leisure Magazines 5520 Park Ave. (Box 395) Trumbull, CT 06611-0395 800-666-8336 (203-373-7000 outside of USA/Canada) Description: Most widely circulated USA magazine. Provides a mix of coverage on the pro tour and pro features, instruction, travel, and equipment. Tournament coverage is fairly sparse and dated. 2. Name: Tennis Match (USA) Frequency: 8 issues/year Subscription: $18.00/year Publisher: Tennis Properties, Inc. 24 Post Road East Westport, CT 06880 203-221-0343 Description: A publication with a similar "look and feel" to Tennis (above), but with the main emphasis on the pro features and instruction. Lots of good photos. Add'l Info: Beware that the financial situation of this magazine may be somewhat in doubt at the moment, as it is a fairly new publication and has already switched publishers. 3. Name: Tennis Week (USA) Frequency: semimonthly (monthly in October - January) Subscription: $40.00/year Publisher: Tennis News, Inc. 124 East 40th Street New York, NY 10016 212-808-4750 Description: Provides fairly good and up-to-date coverage of the pro tournaments, with articles covering the players, politics of the game, etc. Full tournament draws and top 200 singles rankings are posted with each issue. 4. Name: Racquet (USA) Frequency: 6 times/year Subscription: USA $24.00; Canada $30.00; Elsewhere $32.00 Publisher: Heather & Pine International, Inc. 42 West 38th Street New York, NY 10018 Description: A magazine which sports a hodgepodge of various features ranging from the pro tour and profiles to articles about the industry to equipment and sports medicine to travel and style. Does not provide pro tournament results. 5. Name: Australian Tennis Magazine Frequency: monthly Subscription: $AUS 45/year (Aust) $AUS 50/year (overseas) Publisher: Nicholson Media Group Pty Ltd PO Box 292 South Yarra Victoria 3141 Australia Description: Australian Tennis Magazine, a monthly publication, contains articles featuring Australian players and often has contributions from present and past players. 6. Name: Tennis World (UK) Frequency: 11 issues of magazine/year Subscription: 21.50 pounds UK, 27.50 pounds Europe Air Mail 37.50 Worldwide Airmail Publisher: Presswatch Ltd. The Spendlove Centre Enstone Road Charlbury Oxford OX& 3PQ (0608) 811446 Description: Fan Service bimonthly newsletters and b/w photo. Has pull-out posters. Printed on heavy paper and contains fewer pages than most other publications of similar cost. Add'l Info: Fan Club Membership (Edberg, Bailey, Capriati, Navratilova, Sampras, Sanchez, Becker, Sabatini, Graf, Agassi, Ivanisevic, or Seles) 11.50q, 13.50, 16.50 Combined 28.00, 35.00, 49.00 7. Name: Serve & Volley (UK) Frequency: monthly Subscription: 20 pounds in UK, 27 pounds worldwide airmail Address: The Lawn Tennis Association The Queens Club West Kensington London W14 9EG 071-385 2366 (FAX 071-381 6656) Description: Pro Tennis features, British tennis, complete tennis results. August 1993 edition had a 32 page wrap-up of Wimbledon. Add'l Info: Subscribers become Registered Members of the LTA (~20% chance of being allocated Wimbledon tickets plus other benefits) 8. Name: Inside Women's Tennis (USA) Frequency: monthly Subscription: $48 for North America, $96 everywhere else Description: Official WTA magazine, featuring in-depth coverage of the women's tour, including comrehensive results. Add'l Info: Contact the WTA at the address in the FAQ for more information. 9. Name: International Tennis (USA) Subscription: $36 in USA, $65 in Canada, $84 elsewhere Address: 200 ATP Tour Boulevard Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32083 USA Description: The official magazine of the ATP. Player features, draws, results, challenger and satellite results, rankings, match statistics. 10. Name: Tennis Magazine (France) Frequency: monthly Subscription: France rates: 235F (~$39.95)/year Foreign (sea): 336F (~$57.00)/year Foreign (air): info upon request cover price: 25F (~$4.25) Address: 90, rue de Flandre 75947 Paris Cedex 19 Description: Pretty good tennis magazine with excellent French Open coverage: their June issue (which reaches the newsstand promptly after the French Open) devotes well over 50 pages of news, commentary, photos, etc. Also includes full-size pull-out posters. 11. Name: l'Equipe (France) Frequency: 6 days/week (no Sunday) Subscription: France rates: 6 months 840F (~$142.80) 1 year 1,685F (~$286.45) Foreign rates: upon request cover price : 6F (~$1.02) available in some big U.S. cities at $2.50/copy Address: Services Abonnements B531 60732 Sainte-Genevieve Cedex 9 Description: French sports daily newspaper which usually provides decent up-to-date coverage of pro tennis news. 12. Name: Tennis de France Subscription: France rates: 255F (~$43.35)/ year Foreign (sea): 293F (~$49.80)/ year Foreign (air): upon request cover price: 24F (~$4.00) Publisher: FUL Services Services Abonnements, Tennis de France 36, rue de Picpus 75012 Paris France Phone: (161) 43420060 Description: Has very good tournament coverage with complete coverage of French players (better than Serve & Volley does for Brits). Also, a large note session (like tennis week and tennis both have). 13. Name: Grand Slam Tennis (Spain) Subscription: 4400 pesatos for one year includes free video. Publisher: Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, 5, 10(degree) F 28036 Madrid Phone: (91) 3592047 or (91) 3595192 Fax: (91) 359 7065 Note: when calling from abroad drop the 9. Description: Articles on the international circuit and players. Also, some news on Spanish tennis, squash, and food and travel. 14. Name: Tennis Magazin (Germany) Frequency: monthly Subscription: 71.40 DM in Germany, 98.40 DM outside of Germany Address: dsb ZAV - tennis magazin/Abonnentenservice 74168 Neckarsulm Germany telephone: 07132/95 92 10 In the US, this magazine can be subscribed through the German Language Publications, Inc. for US$90 a year, including postage for surface mail. PO Box 9868, Englewood, NJ 07631-1123 telephone: (201) 871-1010 Description: Provides a mix of coverage on the pro tour and pro features (with emphasis on German players), instruction, travel, and equipment. Very similar to the American "Tennis"; in fact, some articles are translated from there. 15. Name: Tennis Revue (Germany) Frequency: monthly Subscription: 49,20 DM in Germany, 61,20 DM outside of Germany Address: Zenit Pressevertrieb GmbH Tennis Revue Leserservice Postfach 81 06 40 70523 Stuttgart Germany Description: Provides a mix of coverage on the pro tour and pro features, instruction, travel, and equipment. Bud Collins, Nick Bollettieri, and Bob Brett are associated with this magazine. For a monthly magazine, their tournament results are very up to date. 16. Name: Junior Tennis (USA) Subscription: $14.95 for one year (5 issues); $24.95 for two years Foreign subscriptions add $15 per year Address: P.O. Box 9921 Seattle, WA 98109 Phone: (206) 284-98109 Description: Full coverage and junior rankings. Also interviews and tactics to learn from pros (Fernandez, Sampras). Tennis Books ------------ 1. Bud Collins' Modern Encyclopedia of Tennis 2nd edition ed. Bud Collins and Zander Hollander 1994 -- Detroit, MI: Visible Ink Press ISBN 0-8103-9443-X This volume reads less like a "traditional" encyclopedia and more like a collection of narratives about the origins of the game and its history over the last 100 years, profiles of its most famous individuals, and selected records and statistics. While not perfect, it is probably the most comprehensive volume on tennis history yet produced. 2. Hard Courts John Feinstein 1991 -- New York: Villard Books ISBN 0-394-58333-7 (hardcover) ISBN 0-679-74106-2 (paperback) John Feinstein, who spent time following the pro tour in 1990, provides in-depth coverage and insight into professional tennis, its star players, the ones who scrape to get by, the matches, the movers and shakers, the agents, the politics, the money, and the general mayhem that seems to continuously accompany the tour. Although somewhat cynical in tone at times, it is extremely well-written and engrossing. Paperback edition includes an additional brief writeup about 1991 events. 3. Ladies of the Court Michael Mewshaw 1993 -- New York: Crown Publishers ISBN 0-517-58758-0 Subtitled "Grace and Disgrace on the Women's Tour." Mewshaw recounts his time spent traveling on the women's tour in 1990-91. In addition to providing portraits of some of the game's stars, he spends a considerable amount of time exploring the issue of burnout, exploitation and abuse of young women players, and the sensitivity of the WTA in dealing with these problems. 4. Tough Draw Eliot Berry 1992 -- New York: Henry Holt and Company ISBN 0-8050-2314-3 Another book in the vein of pro tour books, Berry's main quest is to find out what separates the winners from the losers and the best from the second best. He explores the issue by traveling to various tournaments in the 1991 time frame, analyzing selected matches, and profiling players such as Becker, Edberg, and former pro Jay Berger. 5. My Life With the Pros Bud Collins 1989: New York: Dutton ISBN 0-525-48758-3 The great tennis enthusiast recounts some of his most cherished memories over the period he has been involved with amateur and pro tennis, starting back in the 50's. As elsewhere, Collins' writing style here is anecdotal and somewhat rambling, but the stories he recounts are fascinating. You'll find little information about the stars of today. 6. Open Tennis 1968-1989 Richard Evans 1990 -- Lexington, MA: The Stephen Greene Press ISBN 0-8289-0721-8 Richard Evans recounts the first 20 tumultuous years of pro tennis from the viewpoint of someone who has been closely involved with the game over that time span, both as journalist and as part of the political circle. He recounts the difficult birth of pro tennis, the ATP boycott, the start of the women's tour, life on the pro tour, the great matches (which he is very good at retelling), and the "rebirth" of Australian tennis at Flinders Park, among other things. 7. Trabert on Tennis: The View from Center Court 2nd edition Tony Trabert and George Secor Cousins 1990 -- Chicago: Contemporary Books, Inc. ISBN 0-8092-4135-8 In a book that is already slightly dated, Trabert analyzes the current affairs of tennis though an American perspective. Trabert successfully demonstrates his vast knowledge of the sport's many facets. The book is heavily tainted with his personality, leaving little doubt where he stands on many issues. 8. Days of Grace Arthur Ashe and Arnold Rampersad 1993 -- New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-679-42396-6 The very touching autobiography of Arthur Ashe, a portrait of courage and determination. 9. Martina Martina Navratilova and George Vecsey 1985 -- New York: Fawcett Crest ISBN 0-449-20982-2 An autobiography written with the brutal honesty that has become a Navratilova trademark. Navratilova examines her extraordinary career (though 1985); talks about her heritage and examines the relationship with her family throughout her life and career; and discusses her own sexuality, including past relationships. 10. Jennifer Capriati: Tennis Sensation Margaret Goldstein Minneapolis -- Lerner Publications Company First Avenue Editions (soft cover) 241 First Avenue North Minneapolis, MN 55401 20 B&W photos in 56 page hardback ($16.95). Good description of the rise of Capriati from juniors to Olympic Champion. 11. High Tech Tennis Jack L. Groppel 1992 (2nd edition) -- Leisure Press, Champaign, IL ISBN 0-88011-458-4 Price: US $14.95 A very interesting book on tennis strokes and biomechanics. It is meant for intermediate and advanced players, since it discusses the finer points of stroke production such as, ``Which serving stance is better: (a) the platform stance, where both feet are kept separate until impact (e.g., Boris Becker's serve), or (b) the pinpoint stance, where the rear foot slides forward before impact (e.g., Stefan Edberg's serve)?'' 12. Tennis Strokes and Strategies Tennis Magazine (various) 1975 - Simon and Schuster ISBN 0-671-24201-6 Price: US $12.95 Subtitled ``The Classic Instruction Series from Tennis Magazine. A dated but very good reference on stroke production. Each stroke is discussed by several pros. For example, the chapter covering the backhand has contri- butions from Don Budge and Ken Rosewall. Seems to be written for beginners and intermediates. There is a short section on the two-handed backhand, but the rest of the book discusses the ``classic'' form. Good but old pictures, taken in an era when the clothes were white, the racquets were heavy and their heads (the racquets', not the players') were small. 13. Vic Braden's Mental Tennis Vic Braden and Robert Wool 1993 -- Boston: Little Brown and Company ISBN 0-316-10517-1 The premise of this volume is that your mind is a powerful tool for reconstructing your game. Braden examines such topics as confronting fears, self-doubts, and choking; setting, achieving, and adjusting realistic goals; developing a winning attitude and approach to the game; and using case studies of pro players to illustrate his concepts. An enlightening and very positive book. Tennis Videos ------------- Tennis Direct (800) 247-8273 PO Box 7220 Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302 fax (313) 737-9919 Offers videos of famous pro matches; US Open and Wimbledon highlights; instruction, fitness, and mental toughness videos. Also a source of tennis books, some posters of selected top players (Agassi, McEnroe, Capriati, Chang), equipment and accessories. Posters ------- Some outlets (such as Tennis Direct, above) offer some posters of a few top players. The best adivice for those who are seeking posters of particular players is to contact the clothing/equipment/racquet companies who endorse the players. Consult the "Pro Racquet, String, and Clothing Info" section of the FAQ for more specific details. ================================================================================ -A1- How to Obtain the FAQ via FTP A copy of this FAQ is available via anonymous ftp on the machine rtfm.mit.edu [180.70.0.209]. The FAQ is contained in five files in the directory /pub/usenet/rec.answers/tennis-faq. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -A2- The following individuals contributed to this FAQ or provided significant information used in compiling portions of the FAQ: Christopher Smith csmith@cc.gatech.edu Shun Cheung shun.cheung@att.com Natasha Austria U58476@uicvm.uic.edu Vijay Baliga vbaliga@nickel.ucs.indiana.edu Roberto Barros roberto@dcs.gla.ac.uk Clark Coleman clc5q@uvacs.cs.Virginia.EDU Arijit Das arijeet@lorelei.ECE.Drexel.EDU Srinivasamurthy Kasibhotla kasibhot@phakt.usc.edu Jimmy Lim jlim@tartarus.uwa.edu.au Charles Lin clin@eng.umd.edu Mei-Ling Liu mliu@engineering.ucsb.edu Glenn Stein zdbr012@bay.cc.kcl.ac.uk Dan Simoes dans@ans.net Howard Zivotofsky busbh@cunyvm.bitnet -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -A3- Please send comments, suggestions, corrections, and additions to this FAQ to Christopher Smith at: csmith@cc.gatech.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DISCLAIMER This FAQ is intended solely for the private use of individuals and may be distributed on a non-profit basis. The authors request that the FAQ be distributed in its entirety. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------